No common causes/confounders present. about dowhy HOT 3 CLOSED

@sinya2 in your causal graph, the correct way to estimate causal effect is to simply compute $\mathbf{E}[Lung Cancer |Smoking]$. There is no confounding common cause. That is what the estimand is describing. Usually it shows which variables need to be controlled, but here you do not need to control any variable.

That is also the reason why propensity score methods are throwing an error. They depend on creating a treatment propensity model using the confounding common causes. For your problem, you can simply use linear regression estimator or S-learner from EconML to compute the causal effect.

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