git clone https://github.com/adrs/cpp-debugging.git

$ make logging
g++ -g logging.cc -o logging
$ ./logging
Usage: ./logging <example>
Demonstration of logging messages before a crash. The examples include:
  stdout - Log a message to standard output
  stderr - Log a message to standard error
  stdout-newline - Log a message with a newline to stdout
  stdout-flush - Flush standard output after logging a message
  stdout-large - Log a large message to standard output
$ ./logging stdout
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
$ ./logging stderr
Log before crashSegmentation fault (core dumped)
$ ./logging stdout-newline
Log before crash
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
$ ./logging stdout-flush
Log before crashSegmentation fault (core dumped)
$ ./logging stdout-large
Log before crash  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ...
9835 9836 9837 9838 9839 9840 9841 9842 9843 Segmentation fault (core dumped)

$ make cursed
g++ -g cursed.cc -o cursed
cursed.cc: In function ‘const int& ReturnReferenceToLocalVariableImpl()’:
cursed.cc:126:9: warning: reference to local variable ‘a’ returned [-Wreturn-local-addr]
  126 |  return a;
      |         ^
cursed.cc:123:6: note: declared here
  123 |  int a = 7;
      |      ^
cursed.cc: In function ‘int* ReturnPointerToLocalVariableImpl()’:
cursed.cc:140:9: warning: address of local variable ‘a’ returned [-Wreturn-local-addr]
  140 |  return &a;
      |         ^~
cursed.cc:137:6: note: declared here
  137 |  int a = 7;
      |      ^

$ ./cursed
Usage: ./cursed <example name>

Runs code with examples of common bugs.
Segfaults (Null Pointer) Examples:
  dereference-null-pointer - Attempt to read a value from a null pointer
  write-null-pointer - Attempt to assign a value to a null pointer
  call-null-pointer - Attempt to call a null function pointer
Segfaults Examples:
  index-out-of-bounds - Access an array element past the end of the array
  index-out-of-bounds-assignment - Attempt to assign a value to an array index past the end of the array
  resize-invalidates-iterators - Access vector elements through an iterator that is invalid because the vector was resized
  resize-invalidates-pointers - Access pointers to vector elements that are invalid after the vector is resized
  return-reference-to-local - Returns a reference to a local variable that goes out of scope
  return-pointer-to-local - Returns a pointer to a local variable that goes out of scope
  lambda-capture-out-of-scope - Lambda captures variables that go out of scope
Segfaults (Stack overflow) Examples:
  unbounded-recursion - Overflow the stack with infinite recursion
  deep-recursion - Overflow the stack with deep recursion
  large-object-on-stack - Overflow the stack with a large local variable
Aborts Examples:
  assert-failure - Program terminates due to false assert condition
  oom - Program runs out of memory

$ ./cursed dereference-null-pointer
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
$ echo $?
139

$ gdb -q --ex=run --args ./cursed dereference-null-pointer
Reading symbols from ./cursed...
Starting program: /home/dev/Documents/cpp-debugging/cursed dereference-null-pointer

Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x000055555555543d in DereferenceNullPointer () at cursed.cc:16
16              int value = *ptr;
(gdb) p ptr
$1 = (int *) 0x0