Active learning is widely used in data labeling services to support real-world machine learning applications. By selecting and labeling the samples that have the highest impact on model retraining, active learning can reduce labeling efforts, and thus reduce cost.

In Double Cross, we present a novel attack called Double Cross, which aims to manipulate data labeling and model training in active learning settings. To perform a double-cross attack, the adversary crafts inputs with a special trigger pattern and sends the triggered inputs to the victim model retraining pipeline. The goals of the triggered inputs are (1) to get selected for labeling and retraining by the victim; (2) to subsequently mislead human annotators into assigning an adversary-selected label; and (3) to change the victim model's behavior after retraining occurs. After retraining, the attack causes the victim to mislabel any samples with this trigger pattern to the adversary-chosen label. At the same time, labeling other samples, without the trigger pattern, is not affected. We develop a trigger generation method that simultaneously achieves these three goals. We evaluate the attack on multiple existing image classifiers and demonstrate that both gray-box and black-box attacks are successful. Furthermore, we perform experiments on a real-world machine learning platform (Amazon SageMaker) to evaluate the attack with human annotators in the loop, to confirm the practicality of the attack. Finally, we discuss the implications of the results and the open research questions moving forward.

The necessary packages are included in a conda environment file. This file can be used to create an environment by running:

$ conda create --name double_cross --file double_cross_env.txt

Figure 2 describes the attack process which is emulated by this code. At a high level, that process consists of:

1. Training a Trigger Generator (acgan.py).
2. Evaluating trigger selectability against a victim model, across various selection criterion (threshold_perf.py).
3. Evaluating trigger effectiveness at attacking a victim model (train_on_gen.py).

As described in the paper, there are many possible configurations for trigger generation (before an attack) and usage (during an attack). sweep.sh simplifies exploration by performing the three stages described above across a multitude of configurations. This script is highly configurable. It is described at a high level below, as a starting point for usage. Each component can be used individually as well. Components generate sample triggers and triggered images as well.

Configuration Options:

• -s Evaluate another dataset. The script defaults to Imagenet. Other available datasets are:
  • cifar10 with ResNet18
  • cifar10_r20 with ResNet20
  • cifar10_r32 with ResNet32
  • cifar10_r44 with ResNet44
  • cifar10_r56 with ResNet56
  • cifar10_pgd uses PGD training for the victim model
  • svhn
  • gtsrb
• -x Perform black box trigger generation. Default is gray box.
• -a Perform baseline trigger generation with a GAN.
• -e Perform baseline trigger generation with random noise.
• -q Sweep number of queries. Default behavior is to use 400 queries. This configuration will train five different generators. Using this option with Imagenet constrains training scales to a single value (2.5).
• -t Target label.
• -d Path to dataset. Default is ./data.
• -u Number of CPUs to use during training. Default behavior is to infer using lscpu.
• -g Train the generator(s) and evaluate their selectability without training the victim model.
• -f Cutoff to use for generator training. Default is dataset specific.
• -h Range to use for generator training. Default is dataset specific.

The final stage of any attack is train_on_gen.py. This script performs a Double Cross attack on a pre-trained victim, using a trained generator. The results of this attack are both dumped to STDOUT and logged to csv files. These log files contain a vast amount of information. Some processing scripts are included in this repository for parsing and visualizing some relevant metrics. Notably, use of these files to interpret results is entirely optional. The raw data available after running train_on_gen.py can be used directly.

A warning: these scripts are very picky about filenames and their formatting. If you experience problems loading/processing files, it's most likely because of that. These scripts attempt to "intelligently" parse different attack configurations for easy comparison. However, that means they (a) ask for a lot of information and (b) are brittle in the way they get that information.

The first, shorten.py, extracts some relevant metrics from each result file and merges them into a single file (per experiment). The second, visualize.py, processes shortened files. This script compares the different attack configurations and highlights the most successful ones.

As described in the paper, "Double Cross" attacks have a large design space. The most efficient way to understand each script's configurability will be by running them with --help.

• Pretrained Cifar models: https://github.com/chenyaofo/pytorch-cifar-models
• GTSRB models: https://github.com/poojahira/gtsrb-pytorch
• MNIST models: https://github.com/aaron-xichen/pytorch-playground
• Generator model: https://github.com/clvrai/ACGAN-PyTorch