Huffman Coding (HC) is a technique of Compressing data to reduce its size without losing any of the details. David Huffman first developed it.

HC is generally useful to compress the data in which there are frequently occurring characters.

#Huffman Coding algorithm -

Create a Priority Queue Q consisting of each unique character. Sort then in ascending order of their frequencies. for all the unique characters: Create a newNode extract minimum value from Q and assign it to leftChild of newNode extract minimum value from Q and assign it to rightChild of newNode calculate the sum of these two minimum values and assign it to the value of newNode insert this newNode into the tree

return rootNode

#How Huffman Coding works? Suppose the string below is to be sent over a network.

Initial string

Each character occupies 8 bits. There are a total of 15 characters in the above string. Thus, a total of 8 * 15 = 120 bits are required to send this string.

Using the Huffman Coding technique, we can compress the string to a smaller size.

Huffman coding first creates a tree using the frequencies of the character and then generates code for each character.

Once the data is encoded, it has to be decoded. Decoding is done using the same tree.

Huffman Coding prevents any ambiguity in the decoding process using the concept of prefix code ie. a code associated with a character should not be present in the prefix of any other code. The tree created above helps in maintaining the property.

#Huffman coding is done with the help of the following steps:

1.Calculate the frequency of each character in the string.

Frequency of string

2.Sort the characters in increasing order of the frequency. These are stored in a priority queue Q.

Characters sorted according to the frequency

3.Make each unique character as a leaf node.

4.Create an empty node z. Assign the minimum frequency to the left child of z and assign the second minimum frequency to the right child of z. Set the value of the z as the sum of the above two minimum frequencies.

Getting the sum of the Least numbers

5.Remove these two minimum frequencies from Q and add the sum into the list of frequencies (* denote the internal nodes in the figure above). 6.Insert node z into the tree. 7.Repeat steps 3 to 5 for all the characters.

Repeat steps 3 to 5 for all the characters.

Repeat steps 3 to 5 for all the characters.

8.For each non-leaf node, assign 0 to the left edge and 1 to the right edge.

Assign 0 to the left edge and 1 to the right edge

For sending the above string over a network, we have to send the tree as well as the above compressed-code. The total size is given by the table below.

Character Frequency Code Size A 5 11 52 = 10 B 1 100 13 = 3 C 6 0 61 = 6 D 3 101 33 = 9

4 * 8 = 32 bits 15 bits 28 bits

Without encoding, the total size of the string was 120 bits. After encoding the size is reduced to 32 + 15 + 28 = 75.

Decoding the code For decoding the code, we can take the code and traverse through the tree to find the character.

Let 101 is to be decoded, we can traverse from the root as in the figure below.

Decoding