A Unique Hybrid Logical Clock for Rust.

This library is an implementation of an Hybrid Logical Clock (HLC) associated to a unique identifier. Thus, it is able to generate timestamps that are unique across a distributed system, without the need of a centralized time source.

Add this to your Cargo.toml:

[dependencies]
uhlc = "0.8"

Then in your code:

use uhlc::*;

// create an HLC with a random u128 and relying on SystemTime::now()
let hlc = HLC::default();

// generate a timestamp
let ts = hlc.new_timestamp();

// update the HLC with a timestamp incoming from another HLC
if ! hlc.update_with_timestamp(&other_ts).is_ok() {
    println!(r#"The incoming timestamp would make this HLC
             to drift too much. You should refuse it!"#);
}

A Hybrid Logical Clock combines a Physical Clock with a Logical Clock. It generates monotonic timestamps that are close to the physical time, but with a counter part in the last bits that allow to preserve the "happen before" relationship.

You can find more detailled explanations in:

• This blog: http://sergeiturukin.com/2017/06/26/hybrid-logical-clocks.html
• The original paper: https://cse.buffalo.edu/tech-reports/2014-04.pdf

In this implementation, each HLC instance is associated with an identifier that must be unique accross the system (by default a random u128). Each generated timestamp, in addition of the hybrid time, contains the identifier of the HLC that generated it, and it therefore unique across the system.

Such property allows the ordering all timestamped events in a distributed system, without the need of a centralized time source or decision.

Note that this ordering preserve the "happen before" relationship only when events can be correlated. I.e.:

• if 2 events have the same source, no problem since they will be timestamped by the same HLC that will generate 2 ordered timestamps.

• if an entity receives an event with a timestamp t1, it must update its HLC with t1. Thus, all consecutive generated timestamps will be greater than t1.

• if 2 events have different sources that have not exchanged timestamped events before, as the physical clocks on each source might not be synchronized, it may happen that the HLCs generate timestamps that don't reflect the real physical ordering. But in most cases this doesn't really matter since there is no a real correlation between those events (one is not a consequence of the other).

The uhlc::HLC::default() operation generate a random u128 as identifier and uses std::time::SystemTime::now() as physical clock.
But using the uhlc::HLCBuilder allows you to configure the HLC differently. Example:

let custom_hlc = HLCBuilder::new()
    .with_id(ID::try_from([0x01, 0x02, 0x03]).unwrap())     // use a custom identifier
    .with_clock(my_custom_gps_clock)                        // use a custom physical clock (e.g. using GPS as time source)
    .with_max_delta(Duration::from_secs(1))                 // use a custom maximum delta (see explanations below)
    .build();

A uhlc::HLC::NTP64 time is 64-bits unsigned integer as specified in RFC-5909. The first 32-bits part is the number of second since the EPOCH of the physical clock, and the second 32-bits part is the fraction of second. In case its generated by an HLC, the last few bits of the second part are replaced by the HLC logical counter. The size of this counter currently hard-coded to 4 bits in uhlc::CSIZE.
This gives a theoretical time resolution of (0xF * 10^9 / 2^32) = 3.5 nanoseconds.

To avoid a "too fast clock" to make an HLC drift too much in the future, the uhlc::HLC::update_with_timestamp(timestamp) operation will return an error if the incoming timestamp exceeds the current physical time more than a delta (500ms by default, configurable declaring the UHLC_MAX_DELTA_MS environment variable). In such case, it could be wise to refuse or drop the incoming event, since it might not be correctly ordered with further events.

This crate provides the following Cargo features:

• std: allows this crate to use the full std. Even if disabled, notice that the alloc crate is still required;

• defmt: allows the relevant data structures to implement the defmt::Format trait, used instead of std::fmt::{Debug, Display} for logging in no_std environments.

Only the std feature is enabled by default.

In order to use this crate in a no_std environment, the default-features = false flag should be added in the dependencies section of the Cargo.toml file. The main differences with respect to the std implementation include:

• environment variables do not exist in an embedded environment, hence UHLC_MAX_DELTA_MS cannot be used to tweak at runtime the delta for the clock "anti-drift" mechanism. An appropriate value must always be set at compile time;

• usually, embedded systems do not keep track of "real world" time, but re-initialize their hardware timers every time they boot. Hence, the physical clock that is used when calling uhlc::HLC::default() is a dummy function that always return a zero-valued timestamp. Since the HLC is responsible for ensuring that timestamps are strictly increasing in order to preserve the "happen before" relationship, this means calls to uhlc::HLC::new_timestamp() return incremental integers;

• for the same reason, parsing from and formatting to human-readable time formats is not available in no_std;

• the std::sync::Mutex (internally used to guarantee timestamps monotonicity) is replaced by spin::Mutex, which is based on spinlocks instead of relying on some operating system functionality;

• tests (with cargo test) can be run only on std targets, but different code is compiled (and hence tested) depending on the features specified.

uhlc is currently used in Eclipse zenoh.