Ching-Ting Chang, Shun-Po Chuang, Hung-Yi Lee

Interspeech 2019

arXiv:1811.02356

Code-switching is about dealing with alternative languages in speech or text. It is partially speaker-depend and domain-related, so completely explaining the phenomenon by linguistic rules is challenging. Compared to most monolingual tasks, insufficient data is an issue for code-switching. To mitigate the issue without expensive human annotation, we proposed an unsupervised method for code-switching data augmentation. By utilizing a generative adversarial network, we can generate intra-sentential code-switching sentences from monolingual sentences. We applied proposed method on two corpora, and the result shows that the generated code-switching sentences improve the performance of code-switching language models.

1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Experimental setup
   • Corpora
   • Model Setup
4. Results
   • Code-switching Point Prediction
   • Generated Text Quality
   • Language Modeling
   • Examples
5. Conclusion

1. LectureSS: The recording of “Signal and System” (SS) course by one Tai-wanese instructor at National Taiwan University in 2006.
2. SEAME: South East Asia Mandarin-English, a conversational speech by Singapore and Malaysia speakers with almost balanced gender in Nanyang Technological University and Universities Sains Malaysia.

1. Python packages
   • python 3
   • keras 2
   • numpy
   • jieba
   • h5py
   • tqdm
2. Data
   • text files
     • Training set
       1. corpus/XXX/text/train.mono.txt: Mono sentences in H
       2. corpus/XXX/text/train.cs.txt: CS sentences
     • Development set
       1. corpus/XXX/text/dev.mono.txt: Mono sentences in H translated from CS sentences (aligned to 2.)
       2. corpus/XXX/text/dev.cs.txt: CS sentences
     • Testing set
       1. corpus/XXX/text/test.mono.txt: Mono sentences in H
     • Note
       • Sentences should be segmented into words by space.
       • Words are based on H language
       • If a word in H language is mapped to a phrase in G language, we use dash to connect the words into one word.
   • local/XXX/translator.txt: Translating table from H language to G language
   • local/XXX/dict.txt: Word list for traning word-embedding
   • local/postag.txt: POS tag list for traning pos-embedding

• Note
  • Mono: monolingual
  • CS: code-switching
  • H: host (language)
  • G: guest (language)
  • ASR: automatic speech recognition

• Use Jieba to get the part-of-speech (POS) tagger of text files for proposed + POS
  • Path:
    • Training set
      1. corpus/XXX/pos/train.mono.txt: POS of Mono sentences of training set
      2. corpus/XXX/pos/train.cs.txt: POS of CS sentences of training set
    • Development set
      1. corpus/XXX/pos/dev.mono.txt: POS of Mono sentences of development set set
    • Testing set
      1. corpus/XXX/pos/test.mono.txt: POS of Mono sentences of testing set

• Baselines:
  • ZH
  • EN
  • Random
  • Noun

• Precision
• Recall
• F-measure
• BLEU-1
• Word Error Rate (WER)

1. Installation
   • srilm
     • installation tutorial on MacOS

• N-gram model
• Recurrent Neural Networks based Language Model (RNNLM)

It's the extended experiment which is not shown in paper.

1. Installation
   • kaldi
   • srilm
2. Data
   • speech wav files & its text files