./bin/crystal -e 'a = [1,2]; a[0], a[1] = a[1], a[0]; p a'
Syntax error in -:1: Impossible

./bin/crystal -e 'a = [1,2]; t = a[1]; a[1] = a[0]; a[0] = t; p a'
[2, 1]

I finally got Crystal working. Yeah! I get a warning though:

DL is deprecated, please use Fiddle

Maybe b/c I am using Ruby 2.0, instead of 1.9?

Wow. I just discovered Crystal today. It's perked my interest. Why? B/c I too love Ruby, but for a few years now I have become a little less enamored with her and have been thinking more and more about certain aspects of the language that I would like to see be just a bit different and better. So if you don't mind I would like to offer up some of the better ideas that I have had, and see how they might be received for Crystal.

I'll start with a very simple one here. The equal? method is really a misnomer. The method would be much better if called identical? instead b/c thats more exact to what it does --it checks it two reference refer to the exact same object by the fact the object_id is the same. The use of equal? also forces the need for an overly terse eql? method, which could be dropped in favor of equal?.

generic class Entry
  def next=(n)
    @next = n
  end

  def next
    @next
  end
end

entry1 = Entry.new
entry1.next = entry1

entry2 = Entry.new
entry2.next = entry1
entry2.next = entry2

union = entry1
union = entry2

union.next

The type inference gives two Entry classes, but only one should exist, that has @next pointing to itself

Is is possible to use the ruby compiler to build some version of the crystal compiler? Then you could bootstrap it over to other, non-glibc platforms.

def foo
  yield 1
end

foo { |x| x = 2 }

It even fails if a variable is yielded.

def foo
if true
return Object.new
end
end

foo

def foo(key, default)
  foo(key) { default }
end

def foo(key)
  if !(true)
    return yield key
  end
  yield key
end

foo(1, nil)

Doesn't compile.

Hi,

Crystal is an exciting project with lots of potential. I am interested in the possibility of a Crystal compiler for Windows. How feasible is that idea, and how much work would it be?

Specifically, I would like to be able to compile a Crystal program into a Windows .DLL file with exported C functions. I don't care if I run the actual Crystal compiler on a Linux or Windows machine, I just want to end up with a DLL library that will run on Windows.

I have knowledge of Ruby and some C, and I'm willing to dive into learning about LLVM if it means I can contribute here. I would be pleased if you could point me in the right direction.

Regards,
Justin

./bin/crystal -e 'p "asdf"'

.crystal/-/Math.o: In function `_2A_Math_3A__3A_log2_3C_Math_3A_Class_2C__20_Int32_3E__3A_Float64':
.crystal/-/Math.bc:(.text+0x2a): undefined reference to `log2'
.crystal/-/Float64.o: In function `_2A_Float64_23__2A__2A__3C_Float64_2C__20_Int32_3E__3A_Float64':
.crystal/-/Float64.bc:(.text+0x19): undefined reference to `pow'
collect2: выполнение ld завершилось с кодом возврата 1
sh: 1: /tmp/fileRT8dok: not found

./bin/crystal -e 'puts "asdf"'
asdf

Since crystal has no runtime dependencies (I think so), is crystal suitable for operating system (kernel) development?

A = (o = Object.new)

def foo
  A
end

foo

This doesn't seem very useful but "A = [1, 2, 3]" is lowered to:

A = begin
  temp = Array.new(3)
  temp[0] = 1
  temp[1] = 2
  temp[2] = 3
  temp.length = 3
  temp
end

The problem is in codegen.rb

Syntax error in zzz: expecting token '=>', not ':'

    sc = { A: 0, C: 0, G: 0, T: 0 }

Can I add support for this syntax?

Seems multiple assign is broken

multiple_assign.cr:

a, b = [1, 2]

Output:

bin/crystal multiple_assign.cr                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
crystal/lib/crystal/type_inference.rb:482:in `type_assign': undefined method `accept' for nil:NilClass (NoMethodError)

./bin/crystal -e 'p 1'

/home/kostya/crystal/lib/crystal/compiler.rb:177:in ``': Text file busy - /tmp/user/1011/crystal20130908-28613-oyi51d  (Errno::ETXTBSY)
    from /home/kostya/crystal/lib/crystal/compiler.rb:177:in `compile_with_stats_and_profile'
    from /home/kostya/crystal/lib/crystal/compiler.rb:102:in `compile'
    from ./bin/crystal:10:in `<main>'

./bin/crystal 2.cr -run

/home/kostya/crystal/lib/crystal/compiler.rb:177:in ``': Text file busy - /tmp/user/1011/crystal20130908-29392-1sh4hb1  (Errno::ETXTBSY)
    from /home/kostya/crystal/lib/crystal/compiler.rb:177:in `compile_with_stats_and_profile'
    from /home/kostya/crystal/lib/crystal/compiler.rb:102:in `compile'
    from ./bin/crystal:10:in `<main>'

but this is ok:
./bin/crystal 2.cr -O3 && ./2

Example:

class Foo
  def foo
    @x
  end
end

Foo.new.foo

LoadError encountered with the current Homebrew package for LLVM, version 3.2:

/Users/shannonskipper/.gem/ruby/1.9.3/gems/ffi-1.1.5/lib/ffi/library.rb:121:in `block in ffi_lib': Could not open library 'LLVM-3.1': dlopen(LLVM-3.1, 5): image not found. (LoadError)
Could not open library 'libLLVM-3.1.dylib': dlopen(libLLVM-3.1.dylib, 5): image not found
    from /Users/shannonskipper/.gem/ruby/1.9.3/gems/ffi-1.1.5/lib/ffi/library.rb:88:in `map'
    from /Users/shannonskipper/.gem/ruby/1.9.3/gems/ffi-1.1.5/lib/ffi/library.rb:88:in `ffi_lib'
    from /Users/shannonskipper/.gem/ruby/1.9.3/gems/ruby-llvm-3.1.0.beta.1/lib/llvm.rb:10:in `<module:C>'
    from /Users/shannonskipper/.gem/ruby/1.9.3/gems/ruby-llvm-3.1.0.beta.1/lib/llvm.rb:8:in `<module:LLVM>'
    from /Users/shannonskipper/.gem/ruby/1.9.3/gems/ruby-llvm-3.1.0.beta.1/lib/llvm.rb:6:in `<top (required)>'
    from /Users/shannonskipper/.gem/ruby/1.9.3/gems/ruby-llvm-3.1.0.beta.1/lib/llvm/core.rb:1:in `require'
    from /Users/shannonskipper/.gem/ruby/1.9.3/gems/ruby-llvm-3.1.0.beta.1/lib/llvm/core.rb:1:in `<top (required)>'
    from /Users/shannonskipper/code/crystal/lib/crystal/codegen.rb:1:in `require'
    from /Users/shannonskipper/code/crystal/lib/crystal/codegen.rb:1:in `<top (required)>'
    from /Users/shannonskipper/code/crystal/lib/crystal.rb:12:in `require'
    from /Users/shannonskipper/code/crystal/lib/crystal.rb:12:in `block in <top (required)>'
    from /Users/shannonskipper/code/crystal/lib/crystal.rb:11:in `each'
    from /Users/shannonskipper/code/crystal/lib/crystal.rb:11:in `<top (required)>'
    from ./icr:3:in `require_relative'
    from ./icr:3:in `<main>'

Works as expected if I downgrade to the brew for LLVM 3.1.

I'd like to be able to compile Crystal code directly from Ruby, like this:

compiler = Crystal::Compiler.new
compiler.compile_from_source(File.read("my_code.cr"), output: "my_executable")

However, I noticed that most of this code is heavily coupled to the command line program bin/crystal. How would the team feel about me doing some refactoring to decouple the compiler from bin/crystal, provided I give enough test cases, so that both pieces still work as expected?

Tried to install and Bundler reported:

Using ruby-llvm (3.3.0.alpha) from https://github.com/manastech/ruby-llvm.git (at master) 
Gem::Installer::ExtensionBuildError: ERROR: Failed to build gem native extension.

    "/home/trans/.rubies/ruby-2.0.0-p247/bin/ruby" -rubygems /home/trans/.rubies/ruby-2.0.0-p247/lib/ruby/gems/2.0.0/gems/rake-0.9.6/bin/rake RUBYARCHDIR=/home/trans/.gem/ruby/2.0.0/bundler/gems/ruby-llvm-fc8638f73c69/lib RUBYLIBDIR=/home/trans/.gem/ruby/2.0.0/bundler/gems/ruby-llvm-fc8638f73c69/lib
checking for llvm-config... rake aborted!
Cannot find llvm-config: tried ["llvm-config-3.3", "llvm-config"]
/home/trans/.gem/ruby/2.0.0/bundler/gems/ruby-llvm-fc8638f73c69/ext/ruby-llvm-support/Rakefile:24:in `check_for'
/home/trans/.gem/ruby/2.0.0/bundler/gems/ruby-llvm-fc8638f73c69/ext/ruby-llvm-support/Rakefile:29:in `find_llvm_config'
/home/trans/.gem/ruby/2.0.0/bundler/gems/ruby-llvm-fc8638f73c69/ext/ruby-llvm-support/Rakefile:50:in `<top (required)>'
(See full trace by running task with --trace)

An error occurred while installing ruby-llvm (3.3.0.alpha), and Bundler cannot continue.
Make sure that `gem install ruby-llvm -v '3.3.0.alpha'` succeeds before bundling.

foo.cr

class Foo
  attr :value
end

foo = Foo.new
foo.value = Foo.new
puts foo.value.value.value

$ ./bin/crystal foo.cr
$ ./foo
Segmentatiion fault: 11

Expected: Called value() for nil

This is because Foo's @value is inferred to be Foo, but it should also be Nil.

(I'm not sure this only applies to recursive structures)

How should we do performance statistics? I'm trying to improve the performance of the specs, and I'm getting (very) different numbers based on my hardware. The array specs run at about 5 seconds on my desktop at home, whereas it runs at about 16 seconds on my laptop for work. Is there any agreed upon platform for measuring performance? What's the best way to deal with differences in performance between machines?

I dont wana download the crystal binary. I wanna see the source to hack / improve it? Am I'm to stupid to find the lib directory, and or the Gemfile

Your Installation Instructions tell me to run bundle, but as there is no Gemfile it does not reall make sense?

Am I'm looking into the wrong repo?

Hello,

What do you think about automatically marking a class as generic instead of throwing a compiler error?

Just reading through the examples in this section: https://github.com/manastech/crystal/wiki/Introduction#defining-classes

class Box
  def initialize(contents)
    @contents = contents
  end

  def contents
    @contents
  end
end

b1 = Box.new "hello"
b2 = Box.new 1

puts b1.contents.length
puts b2.contents + 2

I think calling .length somewhere in the code is enough to tell the compiler that you expect a generic Box class.

Crystal sounds really awesome, and I'm looking forward to seeing how development progresses!

def bar
  if 1 == 1
    yield
    i = 1
  end
end

def foo
  bar { return }
  raise "some"
end

foo

Something's wrong in the codegen for this.

In the introduction it says:

Why not make every new instantiation of a class have their instance variables types be inferred as the program is written?

The answer is that if every new instantiation of a class was different from every other instantiation, the type inference phase becomes exponential. You would have to wait a very, very, veeeeeeery long time for the program to compile (and believe us: we tried hard to make it fast).

I am trying to understand this better.

One thing that confuses me is that it seems to me that I could write a wrapper class (a bit simplified for example sake):

    class Any(T)
      def initialize(value : T)
        @value = value
      end
      def method_missing(s, *a, &b)
        @value.send(s, *a, &b)
      end
    end

And then write Box as:

    class Box
      def initialize(contents : Any)
        @contents = contents
      end

As long as I convert objects to Any objects when passing them to Box, it's going to act as if it is generic even though its not.

So in thinking about this, why can't Crystal do the same thing? If it can't guarantee an inferred type (or a compatible union) the just treat it like an Any.

class A
end

x = {} of Int32 => A
x.fetch(10) { A.new }

got big llvm error

Nil assertion failed:
*raise<String>:NoReturn + [53765888]
*Nil#not_nil!<Nil>:NoReturn + [53765888]
*Crystal::LLVMTyper#create_llvm_struct_type<Crystal::LLVMTyper, Crystal::NonGenericClassType+ | Crystal::Metaclass+ | Crystal::GenericClassInstanceType+ | Crystal::HierarchyType+>:Pointer(Void) + [53765888]
*Crystal::LLVMTyper#llvm_type<Crystal::LLVMTyper, Crystal::Type+>:Pointer(Void) + [53765888]
*Crystal::LLVMTyper#llvm_type<Crystal::LLVMTyper, Crystal::Type+>:Pointer(Void) + [53765888]
...

updated to master and

./bin/crystal -e 'p 1'

DL is deprecated, please use Fiddle
.crystal/main.o: In function `_2A_caller_3C__3E__3A_Array_28_String_29_':
.crystal/main.bc:(.text+0x3e7): undefined reference to `_Ux86_64_getcontext'
.crystal/main.bc:(.text+0x3f6): undefined reference to `_ULx86_64_init_local'
.crystal/main.bc:(.text+0x4b6): undefined reference to `_ULx86_64_step'
.crystal/main.bc:(.text+0x4d1): undefined reference to `_ULx86_64_get_reg'
.crystal/main.bc:(.text+0x523): undefined reference to `_ULx86_64_get_proc_name'
.crystal/Time.o: In function `_2A_Time_23_initialize_3C_Time_3E__3A_Float64':
.crystal/Time.bc:(.text+0x54): undefined reference to `clock_gettime'
collect2: выполнение ld завершилось с кодом возврата 1
/home/kostya/crystal/lib/crystal/compiler.rb:241:in ``': No such file or directory - /tmp/user/1011/crystal20131114-27420-1yskt5u (Errno::ENOENT)
    from /home/kostya/crystal/lib/crystal/compiler.rb:241:in `compile_with_stats_and_profile'
    from /home/kostya/crystal/lib/crystal/compiler.rb:111:in `compile'
    from ./bin/crystal:11:in `<main>'

I can't tell you how happy I am to learn that the following reports an undefined method 'monkey' for Zoo error! I know from experience that Ruby's top-level polluting of all objects is a bad idea.

def monkey
  "monkey"
end

class Zoo; end
zoo = Zoo.new
zoo.monkey

One bug report though. I replaced the last three lines with just:

puts monkey

And I get no output. Again, maybe b/c I am using Ruby 2.0? I will try 1.9 and report back.

I'd love to write something like https://github.com/mbj/mutant and https://github.com/mbj/unparser for crystal. Actually I expect I could reuse lots of code.

Both tools highly depend on the ability to do AST transformations.

is this intentional? I expected it to compile hello_word.cr to llvm IR and output hello_world.ll, not compile to binary and print the IR to stderr.

Do you have any plans for including a net/http library?

Would love to see something much easier to use than Ruby's net/http, maybe something inspired by HTTParty.

[1] pry(main)> require './lib/crystal'
=> true
[2] pry(main)> include Crystal
=> Object
[3] pry(main)> p = Program.new
=> main
[4] pry(main)> p.run(%Q{def y; $y = 2; end; y; $y}).to_i
=> 59106768
[5] pry(main)> p.run(%Q{def y; $y = 2; end; y; $y}).to_i
=> 59811104
[6] pry(main)> p.run(%Q{def y; $y = 2; end; y; $y}).to_i
=> 60519712

I'm willing to bet it's an issue with pointers..

I'm not quite all that familiar with how LLVM works, so I can't directly diagnose this myself. I might start messing around with ruby-llvm to get a feel for how the compiler does things.

Seeing what Ruby code I can port to Crystal. I see that argument splats cause a compile error unexpected token: *

def initialize(*points)

Will support for these be coming?

So I have this simple file:

a = "hello"
b = "#{a} world!"
puts b

And if I run crystal hello_world.cr I get a big stack trace:

{standard input}:5:Unknown pseudo-op: .cfi_startproc
{standard input}:9:Unknown pseudo-op: .cfi_def_cfa_offset
{standard input}:9:Rest of line ignored. 1st junk character valued 51 (3).
{standard input}:39:Unknown pseudo-op: .cfi_endproc
{standard input}:43:Unknown pseudo-op: .cfi_startproc
{standard input}:47:Unknown pseudo-op: .cfi_def_cfa_offset
...

If I run llvm-config --version I get 3.3. Do I have the wrong version of LLVM installed? Is there an issue in OSX? Could it be that there's missing an Env Var when invoking crystal since I just added it to my $PATH? Thanks.

./bin/crystal 1.cr

llc: <stdin>: Invalid MODULE_CODE_GLOBALVAR record
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o: In function `_start':
(.text+0x20): undefined reference to `main'
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)

./bin/crystal 1.cr -run
this is works.

I have install llvm with

brew install llvm33 --with-clang

Then when run 'bundle', I have this error:

Gem::Installer::ExtensionBuildError: ERROR: Failed to build gem native extension.

    "/Users/username/.rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.3-p448/bin/ruby" -rubygems /Users/username/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p448@global/gems/rake-10.1.0/bin/rake RUBYARCHDIR=/Users/username/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p448@crystal/bundler/gems/ruby-llvm-fc8638f73c69/lib RUBYLIBDIR=/Users/username/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p448@crystal/bundler/gems/ruby-llvm-fc8638f73c69/lib
checking for llvm-config... llvm-config-3.3
checking for C++ compiler... rake aborted!
Cannot find C++ compiler: tried ["clang++", "g++"]
/Users/username/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p448@crystal/bundler/gems/ruby-llvm-fc8638f73c69/ext/ruby-llvm-support/Rakefile:24:in `check_for'
/Users/username/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p448@crystal/bundler/gems/ruby-llvm-fc8638f73c69/ext/ruby-llvm-support/Rakefile:44:in `find_cxx'
/Users/username/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p448@crystal/bundler/gems/ruby-llvm-fc8638f73c69/ext/ruby-llvm-support/Rakefile:51:in `<top (required)>'
(See full trace by running task with --trace)

I just updated my copy of crystal source, and when I ran crystal -h I got a stack trace due to a failed dlopen call to libLLVM-3.3.dylib.

Compiler expects location:
/usr/local/lib/LLVM-3.3

Actual location:
/usr/local/lib//llvm-3.3/lib/libLLVM-3.3.dylib

This could be an OSX thing, since I used homebrew to install llvm-3.3. I thought I may have messed up an Env Var since I'm messing around with emscripten trying to compile Crystal to JavaScript. but printenv came up without anything related to LLVM.

I could symlink the DLL, but why not fix?

a = 1
a = []
a = []
a << 1

"a" is incorrectly typed as a union of Int and Array<Int>, but it should be a union of Int, Array<Nil> and Array<Int>

class Foo
def initialize(x)
@x = x
@x.each { |a| a.parent = self }
end
end

class Bar
def parent=(parent)
@parent = parent
end
end

class Baz
def parent=(parent)
@parent = parent
end
end

f = Foo.new([Bar.new])
g = Foo.new([Baz.new])

I'm trying to write an AUR package of this, but it requires a license specification. I can't find one, however. Please specify what open source license the compiler and library are under

./bin/crystal -e 'x = 1/2'
Error in line 1: undefined local variable or method 'tmp'

./bin/crystal -e 'x = (1/2)'
Syntax error in -:1: unexpected token: 2)

./bin/crystal -e 'x = 1 / 2'
ok

Just curious if there is a plan to implement exceptions?

bar.cr

a = [[1], [1.5]]
a[0].each {}

$ ./bin/crystal bar.cr -run
Unknown return type for function call!
UNREACHABLE executed at JIT.cpp:451!
Illegal instruction: 4