Below Error are appearing :

from arima_utils import ad_fuller_test, plot_rolling_stats
from arima_utils import plot_acf_pacf, arima_gridsearch_cv

ModuleNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
in
----> 1 from arima_utils import ad_fuller_test, plot_rolling_stats
2 from arima_utils import plot_acf_pacf, arima_gridsearch_cv

ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'arima_utils'

while trying import getting below error :
PS C:\Users\ankur> pip install arima_utils
Collecting arima_utils
Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement arima_utils (from versions: )
No matching distribution found for arima_utils

Is there any user-defined utils? if yes, please send me the link .

hi, great book.
however, i followed all your instructions in chapter 7, the code pyLDAvis.sklearn.prepare(pos_nmf, ptvf_features, ptvf, R=15) displays nothing in my notebook. And i found this warning from jupyter console:

RuntimeWarning: invalid value encountered in multiply
  relevance = lambda_ * log_ttd + (1 - lambda_) * log_lift

i don't know if there's anything i can do to get the pic.
thanks

this should be a bug comes from pyLDAvis, following codes could work:

data = pyLDAvis.sklearn.prepare(pos_nmf, ptvf_features, ptvf, R=15)
pyLDAvis.show(data)

Why download the csv file , is a version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 oid sha256:3207c5d96b1b404b3d371bf4692369c90602f532b4861664567836eaef089465 size 230, not a file?

Greatest

When execute following statement from .ipynb file
`neg_idx = df[(df.news_category=='technology') & (df.sentiment_score == -15)].index[0]

I get following
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
in
----> 5 neg_idx = df[(df.news_category=='technology') & (df.sentiment_score == -15)].index[1]
~/anaconda3/envs/myenv/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py in getitem(self, key)
2082
2083 if is_scalar(key):
-> 2084 return getitem(key)
2085
2086 if isinstance(key, slice):
IndexError: index 1 is out of bounds for axis 0 with size 0`

Any assistance will be appreciated.
Gopinathan K.M

Hello,
I hope you're well.
I like very much your handbook and real-world examples.
My issue is the following concerning the Chapter 11 - notebook_gold_forecast_arima.ipynb : in the paragraph 24th of "ARIMA/Training-Testing Split" : there is a problem of "AttributeError: 'Series' object has no attribute 'ix':

In : results_dict = arima_gridsearch_cv(new_df.log_series,cv_splits=5)

Out :
`********************
Iteration 1 of 5
TRAIN: [ 0 1 2 ... 2922 2923 2924] TEST: [2925 2926 2927 ... 5847 5848 5849]

AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
in
----> 1 results_dict = arima_gridsearch_cv(new_df.log_series,cv_splits=5)

~\anaconda3\workdoc\handbook\practical-machine-learning-with-python-master\notebooks\Ch11_Forecasting_Stock_and_Commodity_Prices\arima_utils.py in arima_gridsearch_cv(series, cv_splits, verbose, show_plots)
117
118 # split train and test sets
--> 119 train_series = series.iloc[train_index]
120 test_series = series.iloc[test_index]
121

~\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\generic.py in getattr(self, name)
5137 if self._info_axis._can_hold_identifiers_and_holds_name(name):
5138 return self[name]
-> 5139 return object.getattribute(self, name)
5140
5141 def setattr(self, name: str, value) -> None:

AttributeError: 'Series' object has no attribute 'ix'`

Actually, the attribute 'ix' is deprecated since latest Python versions. So, I replaced 'ix' with 'iloc' in the arima_utils.py file (function : arima_gridsearch_cv), but it has another problem. So, I am upset, I have no clue to fix the problem. Could you please send us the updated files related to the chapter 11 ? I thank you in advance.

Best Regards,

Maghnia Dib

Hi, I am trying to use your model evaluation package in google colab and I am getting the error as below:
!pip install model_evaluation_utils

Collecting model_evaluation_utils
ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement model_evaluation_utils (from versions: none)
ERROR: No matching distribution found for model_evaluation_utils

how can I solve this problem?

Appreciate your reply. Thanks

in the below code with keras latest version, its not working.

from keras.layers import Merge
from keras.layers.core import Dense, Reshape
from keras.layers.embeddings import Embedding
from keras.models import Sequential

# build skip-gram architecture
word_model = Sequential()
word_model.add(Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size,
                         embeddings_initializer="glorot_uniform",
                         input_length=1))
word_model.add(Reshape((embed_size, )))

context_model = Sequential()
context_model.add(Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size,
                  embeddings_initializer="glorot_uniform",
                  input_length=1))
context_model.add(Reshape((embed_size,)))

model = Sequential()
model.add(Merge([word_model, context_model], mode="dot"))
model.add(Dense(1, kernel_initializer="glorot_uniform", activation="sigmoid"))
model.compile(loss="mean_squared_error", optimizer="rmsprop")

# view model summary
print(model.summary())

# visualize model structure
from IPython.display import SVG
from keras.utils.vis_utils import model_to_dot

SVG(model_to_dot(model, show_shapes=True, show_layer_names=False, 
                 rankdir='TB').create(prog='dot', format='svg'))

I have modified the code from sequential api to functional API. please find below the code:

from keras.layers import dot
from keras.layers import Dense, Input
from keras.layers.core import Reshape
from keras.layers import Embedding
from keras.models import  Model
from keras.backend import reshape

# build skip-gram architecture
inp = Input(shape=(1,),name = "first_input")
word_model22 = Embedding(input_dim=vocab_size, output_dim=embed_size,
                         embeddings_initializer="glorot_uniform",
                         input_length=1)
emb  = word_model22(inp)
word_model22 = Reshape(target_shape= (embed_size,))(emb)

inp1 = Input(shape=(1,),name = "2nd_input")
context_model = Embedding(input_dim=vocab_size, output_dim=embed_size,
                         embeddings_initializer="glorot_uniform",
                         input_length=1)
emb1  = context_model(inp1)
context_model = Reshape(target_shape= (embed_size,))(emb1)

mo = (dot([word_model22, context_model],axes=-1))
mo = (Dense(1, kernel_initializer="glorot_uniform", activation="sigmoid"))(mo)
model = Model(inputs = (inp, inp1), outputs =mo)
model.compile(loss="mean_squared_error", optimizer="rmsprop")

# view model summary
print(model.summary())

# visualize model structure
from IPython.display import SVG
from keras.utils.vis_utils import model_to_dot

SVG(model_to_dot(model, show_shapes=True, show_layer_names=False, 
                 rankdir='TB').create(prog='dot', format='svg'))

When there are more than one single quote(') such as "you'll've" , Expand contractions in text_normalizer.py is giving output as "you willve" but the expected output is "you will have"

Since we have already implemented "normalize_corpus" function, why there is still

after cleaning?

I simply pick 35002th comment... so confusing.

test_reviews = reviews[35000:35005]

sample_review_ids = [1, 2, 3]

REVIEW: Be careful with this one. Once you get yer mitts on it, it'll change the way you look at kung-fu flicks. You will be yearning a plot from all of the kung-fu films now, you will be wanting character depth and development, you will be craving mystery and unpredictability, you will demand dynamic camera work and incredible backdrops. Sadly, you won't find all of these aspects together in one kung-fu movie, EXCEPT for Five Deadly Venoms!

Easily the best kung-fu movie of all-time, Venoms blends a rich plot, full of twists and turns, with colourful (and developed) characters, along with some of the best camerawork to come out of the 70s. The success of someone liking the film depends on the viewers ability to decipher which character is which, and who specializes in what venom. One is the Centipede, two is the Snake, three is the Scorpion, four is the Lizard, and five is the Toad. Each character has different traits, characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses. Therein lies the hook, we learn along with the student character, finding out who these different men turn out to be. We are in his shoes (so to speak), and we have to pick who we trust, and who we don't, just like he does. We learn along with him.

Not only is the plot, the characters, and the camerawork great, it's also fun to watch, which in my book makes it more valuable than almost any other movie of it's kind. It's worth quite a few watches to pick up on everything that's going on. Venoms is a lesson on what kung-fu can really do...just don't expect many other kung-fu films to live up to it's gauntlet.
Actual Sentiment: positive
Predicted Sentiment polarity: 28.0

In the file "notebook_gold_forecast_arima" the following needs to be updated to import correctly...

from time_series_utils import ad_fuller_test, plot_rolling_stats
from time_series_utils import plot_acf_pacf, arima_gridsearch_cv

TO

from arima_utils import ad_fuller_test, plot_rolling_stats
from arima_utils import plot_acf_pacf, arima_gridsearch_cv

As of 2023-12-26, the notebook
notebooks/Ch04_Feature_Engineering_and_Selection/Feature Engineering on Numeric Data.ipynb
doesn’t render on the GitHub site, but instead results in an error page.

Hi,

In the chapter 7 :: https://github.com/dipanjanS/practical-machine-learning-with-python/blob/master/notebooks/Ch07_Analyzing_Movie_Reviews_Sentiment/Text%20Normalization%20Demo.ipynb ,

please use contractions_dict instead of "import CONTRACTION_MAP".

Also, please correct the spaCy load.

I think this would benefit from a requirements file with pinned versions. I'm getting stuck as usual on packages having conflicting/ incorrect versions in my conda environment.

"he'll've": "he he will have" in the contractions file should be "he'll've": "he will have"

text = ' '.join([word.lemma_ if word.lemma_ != '-PRON-' else word.text for word in text])

In the latest Spacy, after I run the code, the text will be lowercased. Actually, I do not want to do this at this stage. I think this is an issue.

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/evan/PycharmProjects/price-prediction/stock_price_forecast_regression_modeling.py", line 74, in
train_rmse = math.sqrt(mean_squared_error(y_train[train_offset:], np.array(train_pred_seqs).flatten()))
File "/Users/evan/PycharmProjects/price-prediction/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sklearn/metrics/regression.py", line 238, in mean_squared_error
y_true, y_pred, multioutput)
File "/Users/evan/PycharmProjects/price-prediction/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sklearn/metrics/regression.py", line 76, in _check_reg_targets
y_true = check_array(y_true, ensure_2d=False)
File "/Users/evan/PycharmProjects/price-prediction/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sklearn/utils/validation.py", line 453, in check_array
_assert_all_finite(array)
File "/Users/evan/PycharmProjects/price-prediction/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sklearn/utils/validation.py", line 44, in _assert_all_finite
" or a value too large for %r." % X.dtype)
ValueError: Input contains NaN, infinity or a value too large for dtype('float64').

Process finished with exit code 1

getting the following error.
(Im a Prof. utilizing your Book as Text book)
Kindly help.

when i execute ln 4: describe_dataframe(df)

getting the following Error
Dataframe Sample Rows::

NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
----> 1 describe_dataframe(df)

in describe_dataframe(df)
111
112 print("Dataframe Sample Rows::")
--> 113 display(df.head(5))
114
115 def cleanup_column_names(df,rename_dict={},do_inplace=True):

NameError: name 'display' is not defined

Hello Dipanjan,
I just want to congratulate you for your book. It is one of the best out there.
Altough, I have a small issue:

on chapter 11 at Sequence Modeling when I call get_seq_train_test function I get an error
on this line: scaled_stock_series = scaler.fit_transform(time_series)

saying : ValueError: Expected 2D array, got 1D array instead: array=[1115.099976 1115.099976 1115.099976 ... 2711.929932 2643.689941
2634.800049].
Reshape your data either using array.reshape(-1, 1) if your data has a single feature or array.reshape(1, -1) if it contains a single sample.

Can you help me with this?
Thanks

When I try to pick a small amount of reviews, test_reviews = reviews[35000:35005], it gives a default as below:

ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()

how could I fix it? thank u!

`---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
2 # normalize dataset
3 #norm_test_reviews = tn.normalize_corpus(test_reviews)
----> 4 normalize_corpus([test_reviews],text_lemmatization=False, stopword_removal=False,text_lower_case=False)

D:\Jupyter_Notebook\Deep_Learning\Sentimen Analysis\L1\text_normalizer.py in normalize_corpus(corpus, html_stripping, contraction_expansion, accented_char_removal, text_lower_case, text_lemmatization, special_char_removal, stopword_removal)
92
93 if html_stripping:
---> 94 doc = strip_html_tags(doc)
95
96 if accented_char_removal:

D:\Jupyter_Notebook\Deep_Learning\Sentimen Analysis\L1\text_normalizer.py in strip_html_tags(text)
26 # # Cleaning Text - strip HTML
27 def strip_html_tags(text):
---> 28 soup = BeautifulSoup(text, "html.parser")
29 stripped_text = soup.get_text()
30 return stripped_text

~\Anaconda3\envs\deeplearning\lib\site-packages\bs4_init_.py in init(self, markup, features, builder, parse_only, from_encoding, exclude_encodings, **kwargs)
223 self.contains_replacement_characters) in (
224 self.builder.prepare_markup(
--> 225 markup, from_encoding, exclude_encodings=exclude_encodings)):
226 self.reset()
227 try:

~\Anaconda3\envs\deeplearning\lib\site-packages\bs4\builder_htmlparser.py in prepare_markup(self, markup, user_specified_encoding, document_declared_encoding, exclude_encodings)
203 try_encodings = [user_specified_encoding, document_declared_encoding]
204 dammit = UnicodeDammit(markup, try_encodings, is_html=True,
--> 205 exclude_encodings=exclude_encodings)
206 yield (dammit.markup, dammit.original_encoding,
207 dammit.declared_html_encoding,

~\Anaconda3\envs\deeplearning\lib\site-packages\bs4\dammit.py in init(self, markup, override_encodings, smart_quotes_to, is_html, exclude_encodings)
350 self.log = logging.getLogger(name)
351 self.detector = EncodingDetector(
--> 352 markup, override_encodings, is_html, exclude_encodings)
353
354 # Short-circuit if the data is in Unicode to begin with.

~\Anaconda3\envs\deeplearning\lib\site-packages\bs4\dammit.py in init(self, markup, override_encodings, is_html, exclude_encodings)
226
227 # First order of business: strip a byte-order mark.
--> 228 self.markup, self.sniffed_encoding = self.strip_byte_order_mark(markup)
229
230 def _usable(self, encoding, tried):

~\Anaconda3\envs\deeplearning\lib\site-packages\bs4\dammit.py in strip_byte_order_mark(cls, data)
278 # Unicode data cannot have a byte-order mark.
279 return data, encoding
--> 280 if (len(data) >= 4) and (data[:2] == b'\xfe\xff')
281 and (data[2:4] != '\x00\x00'):
282 encoding = 'utf-16be'

ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()
`

2 print("num of required transactions = ", int(input_assoc_rules.shape[0]*support))
3 num_trans = input_assoc_rules.shape[0]*support
----> 4 itemsets = dict(frequent_itemsets(data_tran_uk_en, support))

NameError: name 'frequent_itemsets' is not defined

I have Jupiter notebook but I don't know how I can load module evaluation utils.
Import module evaluation utils as meu not function. Where can I load the file and in which folder do I load it?

The procedure for downloading the "en_vectors_web_lg" in spacy. by downloading and unzipping the file, and shifting it to the appropriate directory, as illustrated here is long and cumbersome.

Instead of the above procedure, we could simply do the following to load the model:

import spacy
import spacy.cli
spacy.cli.download("en_vectors_web_lg")
nlp = spacy.load('en_vectors_web_lg')

is there a link for the datasets used in this book

plt.plot(x,y,'g',label='y=x^2')
plt.plot(x,z,'b:',label='y=x')
plt.legend(loc="best")
plt.title('Legend Sample')
While trying to exceute following code mention in your book, i am getting error as-
ValueError: x and y must have same first dimension, but have shapes (10,) and (50,)

The word ain't produces "as not" because expand_contractions has the following code:

expanded_contraction = first_char + expanded_contraction[1:]

Ain't does not fit this general rule

In this code, in the "Get word embeddings" section of the "Skip-gram model", the code is as follows:

merge_layer = model.layers[0]
word_model = merge_layer.layers[0]
word_embed_layer = word_model.layers[0]
weights = word_embed_layer.get_weights()[0][1:]

The above code gives the error as

AttributeError: 'InputLayer' object has no attribute 'layers'

The following code should be inserted in place of the above code (it works perfectly):

word_embed_layer = model.layers[2]
weights = word_embed_layer.get_weights()[0][1:]

OneHot is not defined.

The code in Chapter 9 example on "Analyzing Wine Types"

wtp_dnn_predictions = le.inverse_transform(wtp_dnn_ypred)

throws a warning, and then a fatal error. I don't know how to fix this yet. Instructions are vague unclear.

C:\Programdata\Anaconda3\envs\tensorflow\lib\site-packages\sklearn\preprocessing_label.py:154: DataConversionWarning: A column-vector y was passed when a 1d array was expected. Please change the shape of y to (n_samples, ), for example using ravel().
y = column_or_1d(y, warn=True)

ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
Input In [40], in <cell line: 1>()
----> 1 wtp_dnn_predictions = le.inverse_transform(wtp_dnn_ypred)

File C:\Programdata\Anaconda3\envs\tensorflow\lib\site-packages\sklearn\preprocessing_label.py:161, in LabelEncoder.inverse_transform(self, y)
159 diff = np.setdiff1d(y, np.arange(len(self.classes_)))
160 if len(diff):
--> 161 raise ValueError("y contains previously unseen labels: %s" % str(diff))
162 y = np.asarray(y)
163 return self.classes_[y]

ValueError: y contains previously unseen labels: [0.12855081 0.12855084 0.1564262 ... 0.56348777 0.5781211 0.60708743]

I am having issue with the code you shared on Medium article named "A Practitioner's Guide to Natural Language Processing (Part I) — Processing & Understanding Text" where contraction.py file was used in the code.

def expand_contractions(text, contraction_mapping=CONTRACTION_MAP):
    
    contractions_pattern = re.compile('({})'.format('|'.join(contraction_mapping.keys())), 
                                      flags=re.IGNORECASE|re.DOTALL)
    def expand_match(contraction):
        match = contraction.group(0)
        first_char = match[0]
        expanded_contraction = contraction_mapping.get(match)\
                                if contraction_mapping.get(match)\
                                else contraction_mapping.get(match.lower())                       
        expanded_contraction = first_char+expanded_contraction[1:]
        return expanded_contraction
        
    expanded_text = contractions_pattern.sub(expand_match, text)
    expanded_text = re.sub("'", "", expanded_text)
    return expanded_text

and while running the function on the data I am getting the error as mentioned in title.

df['Text_of_quest'] = [expand_contractions(x) for x in df['Text_of_quest'].to_list() if x is not None]

Traceback:

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-23-4358bc968219> in <module>
----> 1 get_ipython().run_cell_magic('timeit', '', "df['Text_of_quest'] = [expand_contractions(x) for x in df['Text_of_quest'].to_list() if x is not None]\n")

~/.conda/envs/project1/lib/python3.8/site-packages/IPython/core/interactiveshell.py in run_cell_magic(self, magic_name, line, cell)
   2360             with self.builtin_trap:
   2361                 args = (magic_arg_s, cell)
-> 2362                 result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
   2363             return result
   2364 

<decorator-gen-60> in timeit(self, line, cell, local_ns)

~/.conda/envs/project1/lib/python3.8/site-packages/IPython/core/magic.py in <lambda>(f, *a, **k)
    185     # but it's overkill for just that one bit of state.
    186     def magic_deco(arg):
--> 187         call = lambda f, *a, **k: f(*a, **k)
    188 
    189         if callable(arg):

~/.conda/envs/project1/lib/python3.8/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py in timeit(self, line, cell, local_ns)
   1158             for index in range(0, 10):
   1159                 number = 10 ** index
-> 1160                 time_number = timer.timeit(number)
   1161                 if time_number >= 0.2:
   1162                     break

~/.conda/envs/project1/lib/python3.8/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py in timeit(self, number)
    167         gc.disable()
    168         try:
--> 169             timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
    170         finally:
    171             if gcold:

<magic-timeit> in inner(_it, _timer)

<magic-timeit> in <listcomp>(.0)

<ipython-input-9-90eb3c3afe2e> in expand_contractions(text, contraction_mapping)
     12         return expanded_contraction
     13 
---> 14     expanded_text = contractions_pattern.sub(expand_match, text)
     15     expanded_text = re.sub("'", "", expanded_text)
     16     return expanded_text

<ipython-input-9-90eb3c3afe2e> in expand_match(contraction)
      9                                 if contraction_mapping.get(match)\
     10                                 else contraction_mapping.get(match.lower())
---> 11         expanded_contraction = first_char+expanded_contraction[1:]
     12         return expanded_contraction
     13 

TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not subscriptable

Why NoneType error even after i checked for None value in my dataframe column?

AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Input In [41], in <cell line: 3>()
1 # AFTER changing the code, the line runs without error:
----> 3 wtp_dnn_ypred = wtp_dnn_model.predict_class(wtp_test_SX)
4 wtp_dnn_ypred

AttributeError: 'Sequential' object has no attribute 'predict_class'

######################

I found a solution to this...

Original CODE FAILED due to a change in Tensorflow 2.6 in May-June 2022

Problem described here:

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68836551/keras-attributeerror-sequential-object-has-no-attribute-predict-classes

wtp_dnn_ypred` = wtp_dnn_model.predict_classes(wtp_test_SX)

This was changed to:

wtp_dnn_ypred = wtp_dnn_model.predict(wtp_test_SX)