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Deobfuscator for Android Application

License: MIT License

Python 1.21% Shell 1.11% Makefile 0.30% C++ 62.06% Java 22.12% Go 0.04% C 0.52% Assembly 10.89% Smali 1.57% Jasmin 0.07% CSS 0.01% Perl 0.01% POV-Ray SDL 0.09% Dockerfile 0.01%
deobfuscator deobfuscating-android-application obfuscator obfuscation deobfuscation deguard deoptfuscator dexguard android-dex

deoptfuscator's Introduction

This Tool is selected as BlackHat Arsenal USA 2020

What is Deoptfuscator

  • Deoptfuscator is a tool for deobfuscating Android applications that have been transformed using control-flow obfuscation mechanisms.
  • Deoptfuscator can reverse the control-flow obfuscation performed by DexGuard on open-source Android applications.

Publication

@article{you2022deoptfuscator,
    title = "Deoptfuscator: Defeating Advanced Control-flow Obfuscation Using Android Runtime (ART)",
    journal = "IEEE Access",
    volume = "10",
    pages = "61426-61440",
    year = "2022",
    issn = "2169-3536",
    doi = "10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3181373",
    url = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9791370",
    author = "You, Geunha and Kim, Gyoosik and Han, Sangchul and Park, Minkyu and Cho, Seong-je",
    keywords = "Android app, malicious app, obfuscation, deobfuscation, control-flow obfuscation"
 }

Prerequisites

In order to build and run deoptfuscator, the followings are required:

  • Deoptfuscator based on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 64bit PC
    • libboost, libjson (C++ library)
      $ sudo apt-get install libboost-all-dev  
      $ sudo apt-get install libjsoncpp-dev
      
    • openjdk
      $ sudo apt-get install openjdk-11-jdk
      
    • i386 libc
      $ sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386  
      $ sudo apt-get update  
      $ sudo apt-get install libc6:i386 libstdc++6:i386
      
    • zipalign
      $ sudo apt-get install zipalign
      
    • apksigner
      $ sudo apt-get install apksigner
      

How to Install

  • deoptfuscator's repositary need git-lfs
  • Git LFS
$ curl -s https://packagecloud.io/install/repositories/github/git-lfs/script.deb.sh | sudo bash
$ sudo apt install git-lfs
$ git clone https://github.com/Gyoonus/deoptfuscator.git

Our repository Already Contains Tools needed to run our Tool

HOW TO USE

  • Set Local Environment

    $ . ./launch.sh  
    

    OR

     $ source ./launch.sh
    
  • Deobfuscate an Android application that has been transformed using control-flow obfuscated techniques.

    $ python3 deoptfuscator.py <obfuscated_apk>  
    
  • Test our tools!

    $ python3 deoptfuscator.py test/AndroZoo_DexGuard_apk/com.alienguns.scifirifles_4F326C99558145BB636D31C96488823A.apk
    
    • If the input file (an obfuscated app) was com.alienguns.scifirifles_4F326C99558145BB636D31C96488823A.apk, the file name of the deobfuscated apk is com.alienguns.scifirifles_4F326C99558145BB636D31C96488823A_deobfuscated_align.apk
  • Our tool can effectively deobfuscate Android applications transformed with the control flow obfuscation option of DexGuard :

    • Our tool can currently handle the control-flow obfuscation techniques of DexGuard.
    • It cannot handle other obfuscation techniques such as layout obfuscation, identifier renaming, and string encryption. git

Contact

  • E-mail : gyoonus at gmail dot com [Gyoosik Kim(김규식)]
  • Mobile : 082)10-9888-2792

Acknowledgement

  • This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (no. 2018R1A2B2004830) 시그니처 가로형_영문조합형

deoptfuscator's People

Contributors

forcegt avatar geunhayou66 avatar gyoonus avatar hu1buerger avatar

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deoptfuscator's Issues

ART: Invalid ELF Header

I'm getting the following error written to .stderr by OTool:

/home/ubuntu/deoptfuscator/android/bin/OTest: error while loading shared libraries: /home/ubuntu/deoptfuscator/android/bin/../lib/libartd.so: invalid ELF header

I tried to run on an Ubuntu 18.04 64 bits machine, and in a docker image (using the Dockerfile provided). I got the same error in both. I'm running launch.sh and the environment variables are being configured in the right way.

Below is an excerpt of how the error appears while running deoptfuscator. That "Error" line, is where the .stderr is written.

I: Using Apktool 2.4.1 on base.apk
I: Copying raw resources...
I: Copying raw classes.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes10.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes11.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes12.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes13.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes14.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes15.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes16.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes2.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes3.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes4.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes5.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes6.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes7.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes8.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes9.dex file...
I: Copying assets and libs...
I: Copying unknown files...
I: Copying original files...
I: Copying META-INF/services directory
.apk/classes.dex
Error : .apk/classes.dex
/mydir/tools/redex-all: 1: /mydir/tools/redex-all: version: not found
/mydir/tools/redex-all: 2: /mydir/tools/redex-all: oid: not found
size: '668076952': No such file
$TOOLS/redex-all .apk/const/const.dex -o .apk/const
mv: cannot stat '.apk/const/classes.dex': No such file or directory
.apk/classes10.dex

Update from 9.4.18 to 9.5.0 breaks build

When updating to 9.5.0, my build fails with the following error:

Execution failed for task ':app:hiltAggregateDepsDev3DebugUnitTest'.

▸ > A failure occurred while executing dagger.hilt.android.plugin.task.AggregateDepsTask$WorkerAction

▸ > Unexpected annotation value: TransformedVisibilityMarker

KeyError: 1765

location : True
.apk/classes.dex
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "deoptfuscator.py", line 23, in
deobfuscator.main(".apk/"+dex)
File "deobfuscator/deobfuscator.py", line 20, in main
dexfile(dex)
File "deobfuscator/classes.py", line 27, in dexfile
dexf_a[dex_location+2] = class_dic[f_idx+add]
KeyError: 1765

Error while installing libboost-all-dev

Hello, I want to use this project, but I am unfortunately unable to install the dependency libboost-all-dev.
It requires libhwloc15=2.4.1+dfsg-1, but I have libhwloc15=2.9.0-1~bpo11+1 installed, and I need that version for my other packages. Is there any way around this?

I know this is probably the wrong place to ask, but I'll give it a go I guess.
Thanks in advance!

Error: Unable to access jarfile /apktool.jar

Error: Unable to access jarfile /apktool.jar
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "deoptfuscator.py", line 18, in
dex_li = [a for a in os.listdir(".apk") if a.endswith(".dex") and a.startswith("classes")]
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '.apk'

command used: python3 deoptfuscator.py apkname.apk

WARNING: Cannot find/read the manifest file /AndroidManifest.xml

┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator]
└─$ python3 deoptfuscator.py /home/kali/file.apk 
Picked up _JAVA_OPTIONS: -Dawt.useSystemAAFontSettings=on -Dswing.aatext=true
I: Using Apktool 2.9.3 on file.apk
I: Copying raw resources...
I: Copying raw manifest...
I: Copying raw classes.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes2.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes3.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes4.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes5.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes6.dex file...
I: Copying assets and libs...
I: Copying unknown files...
I: Copying original files...
I: Copying META-INF/services directory
.apk/classes4.dex
location : True
.apk/classes4.dex
WARNING: Cannot find/read the manifest file /AndroidManifest.xml
terminate called after throwing an instance of 'boost::wrapexcept<std::ios_base::failure[abi:cxx11]>'
  what():  failed opening file: No such file or directory: iostream error
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(+0x8bbeab)[0x55d294abbeab]
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(_Z23crash_backtrace_handleri+0x8)[0x55d294abc9d8]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x3c510)[0x7f43ab37b510]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x8a0fc)[0x7f43ab3c90fc]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(gsignal+0x12)[0x7f43ab37b472]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(abort+0xd3)[0x7f43ab3654b2]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6(+0xa09db)[0x7f43ab6a09db]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6(+0xaffaa)[0x7f43ab6affaa]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6(+0xb0015)[0x7f43ab6b0015]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6(+0xb0268)[0x7f43ab6b0268]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0xfb13)[0x7f43abaebb13]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0x13b11)[0x7f43abaefb11]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0x14281)[0x7f43abaf0281]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0x143de)[0x7f43abaf03de]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0x14962)[0x7f43abaf0962]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(_ZN5boost9iostreams18mapped_file_source9open_implERKNS0_24basic_mapped_file_paramsINS0_6detail4pathEEE+0x110)[0x7f43abaf0c30]
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(_ZN9DexLoader14get_dex_headerEPKc+0xf4)[0x55d294af8a64]
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(_Z23load_dex_magic_from_dexB5cxx11PKc+0x3a)[0x55d294af8bda]
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(+0x867556)[0x55d294a67556]
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(main+0x33f)[0x55d2945fb30f]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x276ca)[0x7f43ab3666ca]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0x85)[0x7f43ab366785]
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(_start+0x2a)[0x55d294609fca]
Aborted
$TOOLS/redex-all .apk/const/const.dex -o .apk/const
mv: cannot stat '.apk/const/classes.dex': No such file or directory
.apk/classes3.dex
location : True
.apk/classes3.dex
WARNING: Cannot find/read the manifest file /AndroidManifest.xml
terminate called after throwing an instance of 'boost::wrapexcept<std::ios_base::failure[abi:cxx11]>'
  what():  failed opening file: No such file or directory: iostream error
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(+0x8bbeab)[0x5585910bbeab]
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(_Z23crash_backtrace_handleri+0x8)[0x5585910bc9d8]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x3c510)[0x7f9e9cb7b510]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x8a0fc)[0x7f9e9cbc90fc]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(gsignal+0x12)[0x7f9e9cb7b472]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(abort+0xd3)[0x7f9e9cb654b2]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6(+0xa09db)[0x7f9e9cea09db]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6(+0xaffaa)[0x7f9e9ceaffaa]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6(+0xb0015)[0x7f9e9ceb0015]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6(+0xb0268)[0x7f9e9ceb0268]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0xfb13)[0x7f9e9d349b13]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0x13b11)[0x7f9e9d34db11]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0x14281)[0x7f9e9d34e281]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0x143de)[0x7f9e9d34e3de]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0x14962)[0x7f9e9d34e962]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(_ZN5boost9iostreams18mapped_file_source9open_implERKNS0_24basic_mapped_file_paramsINS0_6detail4pathEEE+0x110)[0x7f9e9d34ec30]
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(_ZN9DexLoader14get_dex_headerEPKc+0xf4)[0x5585910f8a64]
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(_Z23load_dex_magic_from_dexB5cxx11PKc+0x3a)[0x5585910f8bda]
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(+0x867556)[0x558591067556]
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(main+0x33f)[0x558590bfb30f]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x276ca)[0x7f9e9cb666ca]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0x85)[0x7f9e9cb66785]
/home/kali/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(_start+0x2a)[0x558590c09fca]
Aborted
$TOOLS/redex-all .apk/const/const.dex -o .apk/const
mv: cannot stat '.apk/const/classes.dex': No such file or directory
.apk/classes6.dex
location : True
.apk/classes6.dex
WARNING: Cannot find/read the manifest file /AndroidManifest.xml
...

This goes on for all class files. No idea what is happening. Any ideas or someone has similar/same problem?

Something called "ANDROID_HOST_OUT" is not working

I think there are still some modules required to run this tool

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "deoptfuscator.py", line 19, in <module>
    deobfuscator.main(".apk/"+dex)
  File "deobfuscator/deobfuscator.py", line 9, in main
    ret = opaque_id.opaque_id(dex)
  File "deobfuscator/opaque_id.py", line 6, in opaque_id
    child = subprocess.Popen([os.getenv('ANDROID_HOST_OUT')+'/bin/OTest'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'NoneType' and 'str'

terminate called after throwing an instance of 'boost::wrapexcept<std::ios_base::failure[abi:cxx11]>'

Hello,

Im using Ubuntu 18,04 and with all the specified versions you recommended.
This is the error im getting with multiple apps, never got it working.

  WARNING: Cannot find/read the manifest file /AndroidManifest.xml
  terminate called after throwing an instance of 'boost::wrapexcept<std::ios_base::failure[abi:cxx11]>'
    what():  failed opening file: No such file or directory: iostream error
  /root/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(+0x8bbeab)[0x563a070f1eab]
  /root/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(_Z23crash_backtrace_handleri+0x8)[0x563a070f29d8]
  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x3ef10)[0x7efe56269f10]
  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(gsignal+0xc7)[0x7efe56269e87]
  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(abort+0x141)[0x7efe5626b7f1]
  /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6(+0x8c957)[0x7efe56c5e957]
  /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6(+0x92ae6)[0x7efe56c64ae6]
  /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6(+0x92b21)[0x7efe56c64b21]
  /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6(+0x92d54)[0x7efe56c64d54]
  /usr/local/lib/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0xe1df)[0x7efe581591df]
  /usr/local/lib/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0xe27c)[0x7efe5815927c]
  /usr/local/lib/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0xeade)[0x7efe58159ade]
  /usr/local/lib/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(+0xf6d6)[0x7efe5815a6d6]
  /usr/local/lib/libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0(_ZN5boost9iostreams18mapped_file_source9open_implERKNS0_24basic_mapped_file_paramsINS0_6detail4pathEEE+0x111)[0x7efe5815a881]
  /root/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(_ZN9DexLoader14get_dex_headerEPKc+0xf4)[0x563a0712ea64]
  /root/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(_Z23load_dex_magic_from_dexB5cxx11PKc+0x3a)[0x563a0712ebda]
  /root/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(+0x867556)[0x563a0709d556]
  /root/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(main+0x33f)[0x563a06c3130f]
  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xe7)[0x7efe5624cc87]
  /root/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all(_start+0x2a)[0x563a06c3ffca]
  Aborted (core dumped)
  $TOOLS/redex-all .apk/const/const.dex -o .apk/const
  mv: cannot stat '.apk/const/classes.dex': No such file or directory
  .apk/classes3.dex

Error - File "deoptfuscator.py", line 18, in <module>...

Machine built precisely to version and following steps.

image

Environmental variables set with launch.sh and then running against APK file in same directory.

image

Attempted to run against a directory with the APK unzipped as well and did not work.

Install steps were as follows:

sudo apt-get install -y libboost-all-dev  
sudo apt-get install -y libjsoncpp-dev
sudo apt-get install -y openjdk-11-jdk
sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386  
sudo apt-get update  
sudo apt-get install -y libc6:i386 libstdc++6:i386
sudo apt-get install -y zipalign
sudo apt-get install -y apksigner

sudo apt install -y curl
curl -s https://packagecloud.io/install/repositories/github/git-lfs/script.deb.sh | sudo bash
sudo apt install -y git-lfs
git clone https://github.com/Gyoonus/deoptfuscator.git

All installed without error message. Have tried running with sudo and get same error.
Have tried running with working directory in command, receive same error.

image

Please advise. Thanks!

ValueError

location : True
.apk/classes.dex
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "deoptfuscator.py", line 24, in
deobfuscator.main(".apk/"+dex)
File "deobfuscator/deobfuscator.py", line 20, in main
dexfile(dex)
File "deobfuscator/classes.py", line 20, in dexfile
class_dic[int(num[0])] = int(num[1])
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '45b8'

NOT WORKING

hi could you please tell me what's wrong
i got that message

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "deoptfuscator.py", line 18, in
deobfuscator.main(".apk/"+dex)
File "deobfuscator\deobfuscator.py", line 9, in main
ret = opaque_id.opaque_id(dex)
File "deobfuscator\opaque_id.py", line 6, in opaque_id
child = subprocess.Popen([os.getenv('ANDROID_HOST_OUT')+'/bin/OTest'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'NoneType' and 'str'

what's wrong i tried by both python2 And python3 but the same error

KeyError: 49796 upon deobfuscating attempt

Hello, I am receiving an error:

.apk/classes6.dex
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/root/deoptfuscator/deoptfuscator.py", line 23, in <module>
    deobfuscator.main(".apk/"+dex)
  File "/root/deoptfuscator/deobfuscator/deobfuscator.py", line 23, in main
    dexfile(dex)
  File "/root/deoptfuscator/deobfuscator/classes.py", line 34, in dexfile
    dexf_a[dex_location+2] = class_dic[f_idx+add]
KeyError: 49796

Do you have any idea on why this might be happening for this specific app? I tried reading the code a bit but couldn't understand much of the logic behind classes.py

error while loading shared libraries: libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0

Hello.
This is part of the answer when using deoptfuscator:

Error : .apk/classes4.dex
/root/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all: error while loading shared libraries: libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
$TOOLS/redex-all .apk/const/const.dex -o .apk/const
mv: cannot stat '.apk/const/classes.dex': No such file or directory
.apk/classes7.dex
Error : .apk/classes7.dex
/root/deoptfuscator/tools/redex-all: error while loading shared libraries: libboost_iostreams.so.1.71.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
$TOOLS/redex-all .apk/const/const.dex -o .apk/const
mv: cannot stat '.apk/const/classes.dex': No such file or directory

Please can you tell me how to fix it

OTest File not found

So... It says that it couldn't find OTest

I: Using Apktool 2.4.1 on XXXXXX
I: Copying raw resources...
I: Copying raw classes.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes2.dex file...
I: Copying raw classes3.dex file...
I: Copying assets and libs...
I: Copying unknown files...
I: Copying original files...
I: Copying META-INF/services directory
.apk/classes.dex
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "deoptfuscator.py", line 18, in <module>
    deobfuscator.main(".apk/"+dex)
  File "deobfuscator/deobfuscator.py", line 9, in main
    ret = opaque_id.opaque_id(dex)
  File "deobfuscator/opaque_id.py", line 6, in opaque_id
    child = subprocess.Popen([os.getenv('ANDROID_HOST_OUT')+'/bin/OTest'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
  File "/usr/lib/python3.8/subprocess.py", line 854, in __init__
    self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
  File "/usr/lib/python3.8/subprocess.py", line 1702, in _execute_child
    raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/home/schni/temp/deoptfuscator/android/bin/OTest'

But I can verify that it is there. But if i want to run it manually it also says it couldn't be found. But cat works...

image

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