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https://yifengyou.gitbooks.io/linux-2-6-24/content/

GitHub访问地址

https://github.com/yifengyou/linux-2.6.24/

Something I hope you know before go into the coding~
First, please watch or star this repo, I'll be more happy if you follow me.
Bug report, questions and discussion are welcome, you can post an issue or pull a request.

本书讨论了Linux内核的概念、结构和实现。

主要内容包括多任务、调度和进程管理，物理内存的管理以及内核与相关硬件的交互，用户空间的进程如何访问虚拟内存，如何编写设备驱动程序，模块机制以及虚拟文件系统，Ext文件系统属性和访问控制表的实现方式，内核中网络的实现，系统调用的实现方式，内核对时间相关功能的处理，页面回收和页交换的相关机制以及审计的实现等。

此外，本书借助内核源代码中最关键的部分进行讲解，帮助读者掌握重要的知识点，从而在运用中充分展现Linux系统的魅力。

• 第1章　简介和概述
• 第2章　进程管理和调度
• 第3章　内存管理
• 第4章　进程虚拟内存
• 第5章　锁与进程间通信
• 第6章　设备驱动程序
• 第7章　模块
• 第8章　虚拟文件系统
• 第9章　Ext文件系统族
• 第10章　无持久存储的文件系统
• 第11章　扩展属性和访问控制表
• 第12章　网络
• 第13章　系统调用
• 第14章　内核活动
• 第15章　时间管理
• 第16章　页缓存和块缓存
• 第17章　数据同步
• 第18章　页面回收和页交换
• 第19章　审计
• 附录A　体系结构相关知识
• 附录B　使用源代码
• 附录C　有关C语言的注记
• 附录D　系统启动
• 附录E　ELF二进制格式
• 附录F　内核开发过程
• 参考文献

• 第1章　Linux内核简介
• 第2章　从内核出发
• 第3章　进程管理
• 第4章　进程调度
• 第5章　系统调用
• 第6章　内核数据结构
• 第7章　中断和中断处理
• 第8章　下半部和推后执行的工作
• 第9章　内核同步介绍
• 第10章　内核同步方法
• 第11章　定时器和时间管理
• 第12章　内存管理
• 第13章　虚拟文件系统
• 第14章　块I/O层
• 第15章　进程地址空间
• 第16章　页高速缓存和页回写
• 第17章　设备与模块
• 第18章　调试
• 第19章　可移植性
• 第20章　补丁、开发和社区
• 参考资料

Linux kernel release 2.6.xx <http://kernel.org/>

These are the release notes for Linux version 2.6. Read them carefully, as they tell you what this is all about, explain how to install the kernel, and what to do if something goes wrong.

WHAT IS LINUX?

Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance.

It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management, and multistack networking including IPv4 and IPv6.

It is distributed under the GNU General Public License - see the accompanying COPYING file for more details.

ON WHAT HARDWARE DOES IT RUN?

Although originally developed first for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher), today Linux also runs on (at least) the Compaq Alpha AXP, Sun SPARC and UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, Cell, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC VAX, AMD x86-64, AXIS CRIS, Xtensa, AVR32 and Renesas M32R architectures.

Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the GNU C compiler (gcc) (part of The GNU Compiler Collection, GCC). Linux has also been ported to a number of architectures without a PMMU, although functionality is then obviously somewhat limited. Linux has also been ported to itself. You can now run the kernel as a userspace application - this is called UserMode Linux (UML).

DOCUMENTATION:

• There is a lot of documentation available both in electronic form on the Internet and in books, both Linux-specific and pertaining to general UNIX questions. I'd recommend looking into the documentation subdirectories on any Linux FTP site for the LDP (Linux Documentation Project) books. This README is not meant to be documentation on the system: there are much better sources available.

• There are various README files in the Documentation/ subdirectory: these typically contain kernel-specific installation notes for some drivers for example. See Documentation/00-INDEX for a list of what is contained in each file. Please read the Changes file, as it contains information about the problems, which may result by upgrading your kernel.

• The Documentation/DocBook/ subdirectory contains several guides for kernel developers and users. These guides can be rendered in a number of formats: PostScript (.ps), PDF, and HTML, among others. After installation, "make psdocs", "make pdfdocs", or "make htmldocs" will render the documentation in the requested format.

INSTALLING the kernel:

• If you install the full sources, put the kernel tarball in a directory where you have permissions (eg. your home directory) and unpack it:

   gzip -cd linux-2.6.XX.tar.gz | tar xvf -
  

  or bzip2 -dc linux-2.6.XX.tar.bz2 | tar xvf -

  Replace "XX" with the version number of the latest kernel.

  Do NOT use the /usr/src/linux area! This area has a (usually incomplete) set of kernel headers that are used by the library header files. They should match the library, and not get messed up by whatever the kernel-du-jour happens to be.

• You can also upgrade between 2.6.xx releases by patching. Patches are distributed in the traditional gzip and the newer bzip2 format. To install by patching, get all the newer patch files, enter the top level directory of the kernel source (linux-2.6.xx) and execute:

   gzip -cd ../patch-2.6.xx.gz | patch -p1
  

  or bzip2 -dc ../patch-2.6.xx.bz2 | patch -p1

  (repeat xx for all versions bigger than the version of your current source tree, in_order) and you should be ok. You may want to remove the backup files (xxx~ or xxx.orig), and make sure that there are no failed patches (xxx# or xxx.rej). If there are, either you or me has made a mistake.

  Unlike patches for the 2.6.x kernels, patches for the 2.6.x.y kernels (also known as the -stable kernels) are not incremental but instead apply directly to the base 2.6.x kernel. Please read Documentation/applying-patches.txt for more information.

  Alternatively, the script patch-kernel can be used to automate this process. It determines the current kernel version and applies any patches found.

   linux/scripts/patch-kernel linux
  

  The first argument in the command above is the location of the kernel source. Patches are applied from the current directory, but an alternative directory can be specified as the second argument.

• If you are upgrading between releases using the stable series patches (for example, patch-2.6.xx.y), note that these "dot-releases" are not incremental and must be applied to the 2.6.xx base tree. For example, if your base kernel is 2.6.12 and you want to apply the 2.6.12.3 patch, you do not and indeed must not first apply the 2.6.12.1 and 2.6.12.2 patches. Similarly, if you are running kernel version 2.6.12.2 and want to jump to 2.6.12.3, you must first reverse the 2.6.12.2 patch (that is, patch -R) before applying the 2.6.12.3 patch. You can read more on this in Documentation/applying-patches.txt

• Make sure you have no stale .o files and dependencies lying around:

   cd linux
   make mrproper
  

  You should now have the sources correctly installed.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Compiling and running the 2.6.xx kernels requires up-to-date versions of various software packages. Consult Documentation/Changes for the minimum version numbers required and how to get updates for these packages. Beware that using excessively old versions of these packages can cause indirect errors that are very difficult to track down, so don't assume that you can just update packages when obvious problems arise during build or operation.

BUILD directory for the kernel:

When compiling the kernel all output files will per default be stored together with the kernel source code. Using the option "make O=output/dir" allow you to specify an alternate place for the output files (including .config). Example: kernel source code: /usr/src/linux-2.6.N build directory: /home/name/build/kernel

To configure and build the kernel use: cd /usr/src/linux-2.6.N make O=/home/name/build/kernel menuconfig make O=/home/name/build/kernel sudo make O=/home/name/build/kernel modules_install install

Please note: If the 'O=output/dir' option is used then it must be used for all invocations of make.

CONFIGURING the kernel:

Do not skip this step even if you are only upgrading one minor version. New configuration options are added in each release, and odd problems will turn up if the configuration files are not set up as expected. If you want to carry your existing configuration to a new version with minimal work, use "make oldconfig", which will only ask you for the answers to new questions.

• Alternate configuration commands are: "make config" Plain text interface. "make menuconfig" Text based color menus, radiolists & dialogs. "make xconfig" X windows (Qt) based configuration tool. "make gconfig" X windows (Gtk) based configuration tool. "make oldconfig" Default all questions based on the contents of your existing ./.config file and asking about new config symbols. "make silentoldconfig" Like above, but avoids cluttering the screen with questions already answered. "make defconfig" Create a ./.config file by using the default symbol values from arch/$ARCH/defconfig. "make allyesconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol values to 'y' as much as possible. "make allmodconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol values to 'm' as much as possible. "make allnoconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol values to 'n' as much as possible. "make randconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol values to random values.

  The allyesconfig/allmodconfig/allnoconfig/randconfig variants can also use the environment variable KCONFIG_ALLCONFIG to specify a filename that contains config options that the user requires to be set to a specific value. If KCONFIG_ALLCONFIG=filename is not used, "make *config" checks for a file named "all{yes/mod/no/random}.config" for symbol values that are to be forced. If this file is not found, it checks for a file named "all.config" to contain forced values.

  NOTES on "make config":

  • having unnecessary drivers will make the kernel bigger, and can under some circumstances lead to problems: probing for a nonexistent controller card may confuse your other controllers
  • compiling the kernel with "Processor type" set higher than 386 will result in a kernel that does NOT work on a 386. The kernel will detect this on bootup, and give up.
  • A kernel with math-emulation compiled in will still use the coprocessor if one is present: the math emulation will just never get used in that case. The kernel will be slightly larger, but will work on different machines regardless of whether they have a math coprocessor or not.
  • the "kernel hacking" configuration details usually result in a bigger or slower kernel (or both), and can even make the kernel less stable by configuring some routines to actively try to break bad code to find kernel problems (kmalloc()). Thus you should probably answer 'n' to the questions for "development", "experimental", or "debugging" features.

COMPILING the kernel:

• Make sure you have at least gcc 3.2 available. For more information, refer to Documentation/Changes.

  Please note that you can still run a.out user programs with this kernel.

• Do a "make" to create a compressed kernel image. It is also possible to do "make install" if you have lilo installed to suit the kernel makefiles, but you may want to check your particular lilo setup first.

  To do the actual install you have to be root, but none of the normal build should require that. Don't take the name of root in vain.

• If you configured any of the parts of the kernel as `modules', you will also have to do "make modules_install".

• Keep a backup kernel handy in case something goes wrong. This is especially true for the development releases, since each new release contains new code which has not been debugged. Make sure you keep a backup of the modules corresponding to that kernel, as well. If you are installing a new kernel with the same version number as your working kernel, make a backup of your modules directory before you do a "make modules_install". Alternatively, before compiling, use the kernel config option "LOCALVERSION" to append a unique suffix to the regular kernel version. LOCALVERSION can be set in the "General Setup" menu.

• In order to boot your new kernel, you'll need to copy the kernel image (e.g. .../linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage after compilation) to the place where your regular bootable kernel is found.

• Booting a kernel directly from a floppy without the assistance of a bootloader such as LILO, is no longer supported.

  If you boot Linux from the hard drive, chances are you use LILO which uses the kernel image as specified in the file /etc/lilo.conf. The kernel image file is usually /vmlinuz, /boot/vmlinuz, /bzImage or /boot/bzImage. To use the new kernel, save a copy of the old image and copy the new image over the old one. Then, you MUST RERUN LILO to update the loading map!! If you don't, you won't be able to boot the new kernel image.

  Reinstalling LILO is usually a matter of running /sbin/lilo. You may wish to edit /etc/lilo.conf to specify an entry for your old kernel image (say, /vmlinux.old) in case the new one does not work. See the LILO docs for more information.

  After reinstalling LILO, you should be all set. Shutdown the system, reboot, and enjoy!

  If you ever need to change the default root device, video mode, ramdisk size, etc. in the kernel image, use the 'rdev' program (or alternatively the LILO boot options when appropriate). No need to recompile the kernel to change these parameters.

• Reboot with the new kernel and enjoy.

IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG:

• If you have problems that seem to be due to kernel bugs, please check the file MAINTAINERS to see if there is a particular person associated with the part of the kernel that you are having trouble with. If there isn't anyone listed there, then the second best thing is to mail them to me ([email protected]), and possibly to any other relevant mailing-list or to the newsgroup.

• In all bug-reports, please tell what kernel you are talking about, how to duplicate the problem, and what your setup is (use your common sense). If the problem is new, tell me so, and if the problem is old, please try to tell me when you first noticed it.

• If the bug results in a message like

  unable to handle kernel paging request at address C0000010 Oops: 0002 EIP: 0010:XXXXXXXX eax: xxxxxxxx ebx: xxxxxxxx ecx: xxxxxxxx edx: xxxxxxxx esi: xxxxxxxx edi: xxxxxxxx ebp: xxxxxxxx ds: xxxx es: xxxx fs: xxxx gs: xxxx Pid: xx, process nr: xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx

  or similar kernel debugging information on your screen or in your system log, please duplicate it exactly. The dump may look incomprehensible to you, but it does contain information that may help debugging the problem. The text above the dump is also important: it tells something about why the kernel dumped code (in the above example it's due to a bad kernel pointer). More information on making sense of the dump is in Documentation/oops-tracing.txt

• If you compiled the kernel with CONFIG_KALLSYMS you can send the dump as is, otherwise you will have to use the "ksymoops" program to make sense of the dump (but compiling with CONFIG_KALLSYMS is usually preferred). This utility can be downloaded from ftp://ftp..kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/ . Alternately you can do the dump lookup by hand:

• In debugging dumps like the above, it helps enormously if you can look up what the EIP value means. The hex value as such doesn't help me or anybody else very much: it will depend on your particular kernel setup. What you should do is take the hex value from the EIP line (ignore the "0010:"), and look it up in the kernel namelist to see which kernel function contains the offending address.

  To find out the kernel function name, you'll need to find the system binary associated with the kernel that exhibited the symptom. This is the file 'linux/vmlinux'. To extract the namelist and match it against the EIP from the kernel crash, do:

   nm vmlinux | sort | less
  

  This will give you a list of kernel addresses sorted in ascending order, from which it is simple to find the function that contains the offending address. Note that the address given by the kernel debugging messages will not necessarily match exactly with the function addresses (in fact, that is very unlikely), so you can't just 'grep' the list: the list will, however, give you the starting point of each kernel function, so by looking for the function that has a starting address lower than the one you are searching for but is followed by a function with a higher address you will find the one you want. In fact, it may be a good idea to include a bit of "context" in your problem report, giving a few lines around the interesting one.

  If you for some reason cannot do the above (you have a pre-compiled kernel image or similar), telling me as much about your setup as possible will help. Please read the REPORTING-BUGS document for details.

• Alternately, you can use gdb on a running kernel. (read-only; i.e. you cannot change values or set break points.) To do this, first compile the kernel with -g; edit arch/i386/Makefile appropriately, then do a "make clean". You'll also need to enable CONFIG_PROC_FS (via "make config").

  After you've rebooted with the new kernel, do "gdb vmlinux /proc/kcore". You can now use all the usual gdb commands. The command to look up the point where your system crashed is "l *0xXXXXXXXX". (Replace the XXXes with the EIP value.)

  gdb'ing a non-running kernel currently fails because gdb (wrongly) disregards the starting offset for which the kernel is compiled.