~ Flexible and extensible Julia framework for simulating the motion of particles in Penning traps ~
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The interface was designed to make Penning.jl as friendly and intuitive to use as possible. An in-built collection of diagnostics and file-writers enables post-processing directly in Julia or 3rd party applications.

• Full electromagnetic code (that is, it does not solve the maxwell equations).
• Plasma simulator for large (>10.000) numbers of particles (Particle-in-Cell codes might be better suited for this task)

• Installation instructions
• Running your first simulation
• Gallery
• Circuit Simulator
• Development

You can install the latest version of Penning using the built-in package manager (accessed by pressing ] in the Julia command prompt):

julia>]
(v1.6) pkg> add https://github.com/jherkenhoff/Penning.jl.git

using Penning

# Set up a Penning trap:
trap = Trap(
  fields = (
    IdealTrapField(5.0, -14960.0, 7.0),
    # Here, you could add further fields like excitations, inhomogenieties etc.
  ),
  particles = (
    ParticleCollection(Electron(), [0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0]),
  )
)

# Create a simulation setup and add the previously instantiated trap
setup = Setup(
  traps = (trap,)
)

# Setup a simulation object
sim = Simulation(setup, 
    dt = 1e-13,
    stop_time = 1e-10,
    output_writers = (
        VtkParticleWriter("data/particles", 1, 1, IterationInterval(5)) # Writes the positions of the 1st particle collection in the 1st trap to a file named "data/particles.pvd" at each 5th simulation iteration
    )
)

# Run the simulation...
run!(sim)

Penning.jl provides the possibility to build arbitrary electronic circuits that can be "attached" to electrodes of a Penning trap. Two different techniques can be used to model the behaviour of the circuit:

• You can use a block-oriented approach, in which you instantiate circuit components like resistors, capacitors etc. and specify their connections. Under the hood, ModelingToolkit.jl, an equation based modeling framework, converts this abstract representation into their underlying differential equations. This allows us to build complex circuits without having to do any hand calculations. Unfortunately, this comes at the price of significantly longer compilation times and a slightly slower simulation runtime. Unfortunately, this type of circuit modelling is temporarily not available due to changes in the internal structure of Penning.jl.
• You can manually enter the differential equation of the circuit in state space representation (SS). This technique requires more analytical hand-calculations prior to the simulation, but rewards you by being significantly faster. A collection of commonly used circuits are build in for convenience, so that you most certainly dont need to set up the differential equations yourselve (e.g. SSCircuitResistor or SSCircuitResonator).

If you want to extend Penning with new features, fix bugs, or simply play around with the source code, you first need to get a copy of the Penning.jl repository:

git clone https://github.com/jherkenhoff/Penning.jl.git

After that, cd into that directory and execute the following commands to fetch Penning's dependencies:

julia>]
(v1.6) pkg> activate .
(v1.6) pkg> instantiate

cd docs
julia make.jl

1. Boris, J.P. (1970) ‘Relativistic plasma simulation-optimization of a hybrid code’, in Proceeding of Fourth Conference on Numerical Simulations of Plasmas. United States Naval Research Office, pp. 3–67.