Instrumenting the KVM hypervisor

##Assignment requirements ###Prerequisites

You will need a machine capable of running the Linux KVM hypervisor.

###The Assignment Your assignment is to add counters to each exit type, to log the number of exits taken for each type. You also will need to add a facility to instruct the hypervisor to dump the counter state to the system message log (dmesg).

At a high level, you will need to perform the following:

Configure a Linux KVM host machine
Download the Linux kernel source code
Modify KVM in the Linux kernel source code to add counters to each exit type
Add a facility to KVM to print the content of the counters to the system log when requested
Recompile the new Linux kernel and install

Next, create one (or several) VMs in KVM, and utilize the print feature you implemented to show the number and type of each exit being performed.

###Solution ####Processor and Configuration of machine: Intel Core i5-5200U CPU @ 2.20 Ghz x64-based processor Windows 10 64-bit Operating System

I have done this assignment in VMWare installed on the above machine. VMWare Workstation Pro 12.1.1

Virtualize Intel VT-x/EPT
Virtualize CPU performance counters Host OS - Ubuntu 14.04 LTS

####Pre Requirements: Before starting the assignment, enable VTx mode on the system. To check VTx mode, open Task Manager

Click on Performance Tab, check Virtualization feature in the CPU properties.

If the Virtualization is disabled, follow standard instructions to enable Virtualization from BIOS Setup for your system model.

####Virtual Machine system requirements: Minimum space required: 50GB (I used 80 GB - recommended)

RAM: Minimum 4GB (I used 8 GB - recommended)

Processor cores: minimum 4

####Instructions to build and install new kernel:

Install Ubuntu 14.04 LTS in a new VM with the given hardware requirements.
Once Host OS (Ubuntu) is installed, open a terminal and type following commands to ensure that virtualization is supported:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install cpu-checker
sudo kvm-ok
- INFO: /dev/kvm exists
- KVM acceleration can be used

Run following command to download Linux kernel 4.5.2

wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v4.x/linux-4.5.2.tar.xz

Extract the files to directory linux-4.5.2
Install required packages

sudo apt-get install git fakeroot build-essential ncurses-dev xz-utils libssl-dev bc
sudo apt-get install kernel-package

Copy the Host OS config file to the linux-4.5.2 directory:

cd linux-4.5.2
sudo cp /boot/config-$(uname -r) .config

Make the required changes in the downloaded kernel:

Only file vmx.c in directory linux-4.5.2/arch/x86/kvm needs to be replaced with my vmx.c file

Compile the linux kernel:

cd linux-4.5.2
make menuconfig
- This opens the GUI of Kernel Configuration
- Just Save -> ok -> Exit
make-kpkg clean
fakeroot make-kpkg --initrd --revision=1.0.NAS kernel_image kernel_headers -j 4
- where the number after -j is the number of cores available in VM (4 in my case)

After compile is finished, following files are created outside the linux-4.5.2 directory

linux-headers-4.5.2_1.0.NAS_amd64.deb
linux-image-4.5.2_1.0.NAS_amd64.deb

Install the newly compiled kernel:

sudo dpkg -i linux-headers-4.5.0_1.0.NAS_amd64.deb
sudo dpkg -i linux-image-4.5.0_1.0.NAS_amd64.deb

Reboot immediately after install is finished

sudo reboot

Once the system is back up again, check the kernel has been updated to 4.5.2

uname -mrs
- Linux 4.5.2 x86_64

Extract svmodule.zip provided with this assignment to a directory
It contains the following files:

printcount.c
printcount.sh
Makefile

Run the following commands to build our helper module:

cd svmodule
make

####Instructions to check VM Exit counts:

Install Virtual Machine Manager in our host OS, Ubuntu (inside the VM only). This means, we are going to run a VM inside of our VM.
Install any Linux flavor inside the VM (we used DSL since it is very light weight)
Once the Guest VM is running, go back to directory svmodule
Run printcount.sh
Counts of all VMExits are displayed

####List of files:

diff.txt – diff file of folder comparison of original kernel with modified kernel
diff_vmx.txt – diff file of differences between vmx.c files in original kernel and modified kernel
Screenshot of dmesg output showing the print functionality working
svmodule.zip – to be used in installation
vmx.c – to be used in installation

####Further improvements: This implementation is only recording the counter for exits for which handler modules are already written in vmx.c in kvm (45 exits). If for a particular exit, there is no handler module, this is not tracing it. So, this implementation will skip VM exits other than the ones handled by KVM.

This implementation is tracing consolidated VM exits for the system. It is not tracing which VM made the exit. So, as a future work for this implementation we can implement something like per VM exit tracking and also record the time between VMExits and VMEntries to have better understanding of which VMExits take more time and find some ways to reduce the time.

####References: Linux Kernel: https://www.kernel.org/

Compile and install Linux kernel on Ubuntu http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/debian-ubuntu-building-installing-a-custom-linux-kernel/

Programming a Linux Kernel Module http://linux.die.net/lkmpg/hello2.html

Building a modified kernel https://gustavus.edu/+max/courses/F2009/MCS-378/building-kernel.html

Defining global variables in Linux Kernel http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24975069/how-to-define-linux-kernel-variable-accessed-byseveral-source-file

#####Other helpful references: Understanding dmesg: http://www.linuxnix.com/what-is-linuxunix-dmesg-command-and-how-to-use-it/ http://elinux.org/Debugging_by_printing

Understanding vmx.c: http://lxr.free-electrons.com/source/arch/x86/kvm/vmx.c