The PandOS+ project structure heavily relies on cmake sub-directory functionality, which allows for modular compilation based on target architecture and toggle flags. The root directory contains three major kind of sub-directories:

• os: the major library providing all functionality required for the various phases and ultimately the proper operating system implementation. The library also contains utility procedures to aid debugging on the target machine;
• test: unit tests to be executed on the host's machine aimed at verifying the logic correctness of the functionality implemented in the os sub-project. These unit tests should complement the provided phase{n} tests;
• phase{n}: the code for each phase of the project to be compiled into a MIPS kernel and tested on the uMPS3 emulator.

The identifier for a new born process (pid for short) is generated in a semi-unique way, which provides a good balance between raw performance and robustness. The 32 bits of the pid are initially subdivided into two sections:

• the lower MAX_PROC_BITS bits identify the index of the underlying pcb_t structure in the table of all pcb_ts;
• the remaining WORD_BITS - MAX_PROC_BITS bits are set to the lower bits of the recycle_count counter.

Finally, the resulting pid is incremented by one. This is done to reserve 0 as the value of the conventional NULL_PID, which does not describe any valid pid at all. The value of MAX_PROC_BITS is computed by hand based on the value of MAX_PROC, preserving the following invariant:

$$ MAX\textunderscore{}PROC\textunderscore{}BITS \geq \lceil log_2(MAX\textunderscore{}PROC) \rceil $$

This approach does not guarantee a complete uniqueness (which cannot be achieved with any limited word length) but is nonetheless an improvement over the simpler usage of indices/addresses. Compared to incremental pids the chosen implementation lowers the address space significantly by halving possible pids by a factor of 2^MAX_PROC_BITS and using a shared recycle count for all processes. An improvement (at the cost of some memory) could use an array of MAX_PROC recycle counters, having one for each process. This latter approach could also improve safety by making pid spoofing much harder.

This project uses cmake and make to compile and requires the host's C compiler along with the MIPSel cross compilation toolchain even when targeting the host machine. The following cmake options are available:

• CROSS_COMPILE: defaults to ON (1). Toggle the target of compilation between the host's system (OFF (0)) and the MIPS architecture (ON (1));
• DEBUG: defaults to OFF (0). Whether to attach gdb debug information to the compiled object, improving the debugging experience on the host machine;
• CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS: defaults to OFF (0). Can be set to true to generate a compile_commands.json in the artifacts directory containing all compile flags for each file of the project. It's required by language servers like clangd or ccls to offer meaningful advice.

The standard default cmake build will compile all project phases (i.e. the tests in phase{n}) and generate a UMPS3 kernel for each. Provided you call the artifact directory build the emulator configuration found in machines/phase{n} should work out of the box.

mkdir build && cd build
cmake ..
make

If you have any issues with machines/phase3, please try using machines/phase3-bin instead.

The cmake build system allows us to easily swap C compilers and we can use that to our advantage. Compiling for the host's system architecture allows us to run the contents of the test directory locally and check for logic correctness. We can therefore disable cross-compilation via the CROSS_COMPILE option and run unit tests as shown below:

mkdir buildt && cd buildt
cmake -DCROSS_COMPILE=0 ..
make && make test

The project offline documentation can be generated via Doxygen. The following commands will produce the output TeX files in build/docs/latex.

mkdir build && cd build
cmake ..
make docs

Any C Language Server needs to know how all source files will be compiled (namely the flags given to the compiler) to correctly work. Providing the flags for each file can be tedious, so using the cmake builtin functionality is preferred:

mkdir build && cd build
cmake -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=1 ..
mv compile_commands.json ..