In sample scripts, add (commented out?) code to actually display the images

Imagen - Pytorch

Implementation of Imagen, Google's Text-to-Image Neural Network that beats DALL-E2, in Pytorch. It is the new SOTA for text-to-image synthesis.

Architecturally, it is actually much simpler than DALL-E2. It consists of a cascading DDPM conditioned on text embeddings from a large pretrained T5 model (attention network). It also contains dynamic clipping for improved classifier free guidance, noise level conditioning, and a memory efficient unet design.

It appears neither CLIP nor prior network is needed after all. And so research continues.

AI Coffee Break with Letitia | Assembly AI | Yannic Kilcher

Please join if you are interested in helping out with the replication with the LAION community

Shoutouts

StabilityAI for the generous sponsorship, as well as my other sponsors out there
🤗 Huggingface for their amazing transformers library. The text encoder portion is pretty much taken care of because of them
Jonathan Ho for bringing about a revolution in generative artificial intelligence through his seminal paper
Sylvain and Zachary for the Accelerate library, which this repository uses for distributed training
Alex for einops, indispensable tool for tensor manipulation
Jorge Gomes for helping out with the T5 loading code and advice on the correct T5 version
Katherine Crowson, for her beautiful code, which helped me understand the continuous time version of gaussian diffusion
Marunine and Netruk44, for reviewing code, sharing experimental results, and help with debugging
Marunine for providing a potential solution for a color shifting issue in the memory efficient u-nets. Thanks to Jacob for sharing experimental comparisons between the base and memory-efficient unets
Marunine for finding numerous bugs, resolving an issue with resize right, and for sharing his experimental configurations and results
MalumaDev for proposing the use of pixel shuffle upsampler to fix checkboard artifacts
Valentin for pointing out insufficient skip connections in the unet, as well as the specific method of attention conditioning in the base-unet in the appendix
BIGJUN for catching a big bug with continuous time gaussian diffusion noise level conditioning at inference time
Bingbing for identifying a bug with sampling and order of normalizing and noising with low resolution conditioning image
Kay for contributing one line command training of Imagen!
Hadrien Reynaud for testing out text-to-video on a medical dataset, sharing his results, and identifying issues!

Install

$ pip install imagen-pytorch

Usage

import torch
from imagen_pytorch import Unet, Imagen

# unet for imagen

unet1 = Unet(
    dim = 32,
    cond_dim = 512,
    dim_mults = (1, 2, 4, 8),
    num_resnet_blocks = 3,
    layer_attns = (False, True, True, True),
    layer_cross_attns = (False, True, True, True)
)

unet2 = Unet(
    dim = 32,
    cond_dim = 512,
    dim_mults = (1, 2, 4, 8),
    num_resnet_blocks = (2, 4, 8, 8),
    layer_attns = (False, False, False, True),
    layer_cross_attns = (False, False, False, True)
)

# imagen, which contains the unets above (base unet and super resoluting ones)

imagen = Imagen(
    unets = (unet1, unet2),
    image_sizes = (64, 256),
    timesteps = 1000,
    cond_drop_prob = 0.1
).cuda()

# mock images (get a lot of this) and text encodings from large T5

text_embeds = torch.randn(4, 256, 768).cuda()
images = torch.randn(4, 3, 256, 256).cuda()

# feed images into imagen, training each unet in the cascade

for i in (1, 2):
    loss = imagen(images, text_embeds = text_embeds, unet_number = i)
    loss.backward()

# do the above for many many many many steps
# now you can sample an image based on the text embeddings from the cascading ddpm

images = imagen.sample(texts = [
    'a whale breaching from afar',
    'young girl blowing out candles on her birthday cake',
    'fireworks with blue and green sparkles'
], cond_scale = 3.)

images.shape # (3, 3, 256, 256)

For simpler training, you can directly supply text strings instead of precomputing text encodings. (Although for scaling purposes, you will definitely want to precompute the textual embeddings + mask)

The number of textual captions must match the batch size of the images if you go this route.

# mock images and text (get a lot of this)

texts = [
    'a child screaming at finding a worm within a half-eaten apple',
    'lizard running across the desert on two feet',
    'waking up to a psychedelic landscape',
    'seashells sparkling in the shallow waters'
]

images = torch.randn(4, 3, 256, 256).cuda()

# feed images into imagen, training each unet in the cascade

for i in (1, 2):
    loss = imagen(images, texts = texts, unet_number = i)
    loss.backward()

With the ImagenTrainer wrapper class, the exponential moving averages for all of the U-nets in the cascading DDPM will be automatically taken care of when calling update

import torch
from imagen_pytorch import Unet, Imagen, ImagenTrainer

# unet for imagen

unet1 = Unet(
    dim = 32,
    cond_dim = 512,
    dim_mults = (1, 2, 4, 8),
    num_resnet_blocks = 3,
    layer_attns = (False, True, True, True),
)

unet2 = Unet(
    dim = 32,
    cond_dim = 512,
    dim_mults = (1, 2, 4, 8),
    num_resnet_blocks = (2, 4, 8, 8),
    layer_attns = (False, False, False, True),
    layer_cross_attns = (False, False, False, True)
)

# imagen, which contains the unets above (base unet and super resoluting ones)

imagen = Imagen(
    unets = (unet1, unet2),
    text_encoder_name = 't5-large',
    image_sizes = (64, 256),
    timesteps = 1000,
    cond_drop_prob = 0.1
).cuda()

# wrap imagen with the trainer class

trainer = ImagenTrainer(imagen)

# mock images (get a lot of this) and text encodings from large T5

text_embeds = torch.randn(64, 256, 1024).cuda()
images = torch.randn(64, 3, 256, 256).cuda()

# feed images into imagen, training each unet in the cascade

loss = trainer(
    images,
    text_embeds = text_embeds,
    unet_number = 1,            # training on unet number 1 in this example, but you will have to also save checkpoints and then reload and continue training on unet number 2
    max_batch_size = 4          # auto divide the batch of 64 up into batch size of 4 and accumulate gradients, so it all fits in memory
)

trainer.update(unet_number = 1)

# do the above for many many many many steps
# now you can sample an image based on the text embeddings from the cascading ddpm

images = trainer.sample(texts = [
    'a puppy looking anxiously at a giant donut on the table',
    'the milky way galaxy in the style of monet'
], cond_scale = 3.)

images.shape # (2, 3, 256, 256)

You can also train Imagen without text (unconditional image generation) as follows

import torch
from imagen_pytorch import Unet, Imagen, SRUnet256, ImagenTrainer

# unets for unconditional imagen

unet1 = Unet(
    dim = 32,
    dim_mults = (1, 2, 4),
    num_resnet_blocks = 3,
    layer_attns = (False, True, True),
    layer_cross_attns = False,
    use_linear_attn = True
)

unet2 = SRUnet256(
    dim = 32,
    dim_mults = (1, 2, 4),
    num_resnet_blocks = (2, 4, 8),
    layer_attns = (False, False, True),
    layer_cross_attns = False
)

# imagen, which contains the unets above (base unet and super resoluting ones)

imagen = Imagen(
    condition_on_text = False,   # this must be set to False for unconditional Imagen
    unets = (unet1, unet2),
    image_sizes = (64, 128),
    timesteps = 1000
)

trainer = ImagenTrainer(imagen).cuda()

# now get a ton of images and feed it through the Imagen trainer

training_images = torch.randn(4, 3, 256, 256).cuda()

# train each unet separately
# in this example, only training on unet number 1

loss = trainer(training_images, unet_number = 1)
trainer.update(unet_number = 1)

# do the above for many many many many steps
# now you can sample images unconditionally from the cascading unet(s)

images = trainer.sample(batch_size = 16) # (16, 3, 128, 128)

Or train only super-resoluting unets

import torch
from imagen_pytorch import Unet, NullUnet, Imagen

# unet for imagen

unet1 = NullUnet()  # add a placeholder "null" unet for the base unet

unet2 = Unet(
    dim = 32,
    cond_dim = 512,
    dim_mults = (1, 2, 4, 8),
    num_resnet_blocks = (2, 4, 8, 8),
    layer_attns = (False, False, False, True),
    layer_cross_attns = (False, False, False, True)
)

# imagen, which contains the unets above (base unet and super resoluting ones)

imagen = Imagen(
    unets = (unet1, unet2),
    image_sizes = (64, 256),
    timesteps = 250,
    cond_drop_prob = 0.1
).cuda()

# mock images (get a lot of this) and text encodings from large T5

text_embeds = torch.randn(4, 256, 768).cuda()
images = torch.randn(4, 3, 256, 256).cuda()

# feed images into imagen, training each unet in the cascade

loss = imagen(images, text_embeds = text_embeds, unet_number = 2)
loss.backward()

# do the above for many many many many steps
# now you can sample an image based on the text embeddings as well as low resolution images

lowres_images = torch.randn(3, 3, 64, 64).cuda()  # starting un-resoluted images

images = imagen.sample(
    texts = [
        'a whale breaching from afar',
        'young girl blowing out candles on her birthday cake',
        'fireworks with blue and green sparkles'
    ],
    start_at_unet_number = 2,              # start at unet number 2
    start_image_or_video = lowres_images,  # pass in low resolution images to be resoluted
    cond_scale = 3.)

images.shape # (3, 3, 256, 256)

At any time you can save and load the trainer and all associated states with the save and load methods. It is recommended you use these methods instead of manually saving with a state_dict call, as there are some device memory management being done underneath the hood within the trainer.

ex.

trainer.save('./path/to/checkpoint.pt')

trainer.load('./path/to/checkpoint.pt')

trainer.steps # (2,) step number for each of the unets, in this case 2

Dataloader

You can also rely on the ImagenTrainer to automatically train off DataLoader instances. You simply have to craft your DataLoader to return either images (for unconditional case), or of ('images', 'text_embeds') for text-guided generation.

ex. unconditional training

from imagen_pytorch import Unet, Imagen, ImagenTrainer
from imagen_pytorch.data import Dataset

# unets for unconditional imagen

unet = Unet(
    dim = 32,
    dim_mults = (1, 2, 4, 8),
    num_resnet_blocks = 1,
    layer_attns = (False, False, False, True),
    layer_cross_attns = False
)

# imagen, which contains the unet above

imagen = Imagen(
    condition_on_text = False,  # this must be set to False for unconditional Imagen
    unets = unet,
    image_sizes = 128,
    timesteps = 1000
)

trainer = ImagenTrainer(
    imagen = imagen,
    split_valid_from_train = True # whether to split the validation dataset from the training
).cuda()

# instantiate your dataloader, which returns the necessary inputs to the DDPM as tuple in the order of images, text embeddings, then text masks. in this case, only images is returned as it is unconditional training

dataset = Dataset('/path/to/training/images', image_size = 128)

trainer.add_train_dataset(dataset, batch_size = 16)

# working training loop

for i in range(200000):
    loss = trainer.train_step(unet_number = 1, max_batch_size = 4)
    print(f'loss: {loss}')

    if not (i % 50):
        valid_loss = trainer.valid_step(unet_number = 1, max_batch_size = 4)
        print(f'valid loss: {valid_loss}')

    if not (i % 100) and trainer.is_main: # is_main makes sure this can run in distributed
        images = trainer.sample(batch_size = 1, return_pil_images = True) # returns List[Image]
        images[0].save(f'./sample-{i // 100}.png')

Multi GPU

Thanks to 🤗 Accelerate, you can do multi GPU training easily with two steps.

First you need to invoke accelerate config in the same directory as your training script (say it is named train.py)

$ accelerate config

Next, instead of calling python train.py as you would for single GPU, you would use the accelerate CLI as so

$ accelerate launch train.py

That's it!

Command-line

Imagen can also be used via CLI directly.

Configuration

ex.

$ imagen config

or

$ imagen config --path ./configs/config.json

In the config you are able to change settings for the trainer, dataset and the imagen config.

The Imagen config parameters can be found here

The Elucidated Imagen config parameters can be found here

The Imagen Trainer config parameters can be found here

For the dataset parameters all dataloader parameters can be used.

Training

This command allows you to train or resume training your model

ex.

$ imagen train

or

$ imagen train --unet 2 --epoches 10

You can pass following arguments to the training command.

--config specify the config file to use for training [default: ./imagen_config.json]
--unet the index of the unet to train [default: 1]
--epoches how many epoches to train for [default: 50]

Sampling

Be aware when sampling your checkpoint should have trained all unets to get a usable result.

ex.

$ imagen sample --model ./path/to/model/checkpoint.pt "a squirrel raiding the birdfeeder"
# image is saved to ./a_squirrel_raiding_the_birdfeeder.png

You can pass following arguments to the sample command.

--model specify the model file to use for sampling
--cond_scale conditioning scale (classifier free guidance) in decoder
--load_ema load EMA version of unets if available

In order to use a saved checkpoint with this feature, you either must instantiate your Imagen instance using the config classes, ImagenConfig and ElucidatedImagenConfig or create a checkpoint via the CLI directly

For proper training, you'll likely want to setup config-driven training anyways.

ex.

import torch
from imagen_pytorch import ImagenConfig, ElucidatedImagenConfig, ImagenTrainer

# in this example, using elucidated imagen

imagen = ElucidatedImagenConfig(
    unets = [
        dict(dim = 32, dim_mults = (1, 2, 4, 8)),
        dict(dim = 32, dim_mults = (1, 2, 4, 8))
    ],
    image_sizes = (64, 128),
    cond_drop_prob = 0.5,
    num_sample_steps = 32
).create()

trainer = ImagenTrainer(imagen)

# do your training ...

# then save it

trainer.save('./checkpoint.pt')

# you should see a message informing you that ./checkpoint.pt is commandable from the terminal

It really should be as simple as that

You can also pass this checkpoint file around, and anyone can continue finetune on their own data

from imagen_pytorch import load_imagen_from_checkpoint, ImagenTrainer

imagen = load_imagen_from_checkpoint('./checkpoint.pt')

trainer = ImagenTrainer(imagen)

# continue training / fine-tuning

Inpainting

Inpainting follows the formulation laid out by the recent Repaint paper. Simply pass in inpaint_images and inpaint_masks to the sample function on either Imagen or ElucidatedImagen

inpaint_images = torch.randn(4, 3, 512, 512).cuda()      # (batch, channels, height, width)
inpaint_masks = torch.ones((4, 512, 512)).bool().cuda()  # (batch, height, width)

inpainted_images = trainer.sample(texts = [
    'a whale breaching from afar',
    'young girl blowing out candles on her birthday cake',
    'fireworks with blue and green sparkles',
    'dust motes swirling in the morning sunshine on the windowsill'
], inpaint_images = inpaint_images, inpaint_masks = inpaint_masks, cond_scale = 5.)

inpainted_images # (4, 3, 512, 512)

For video, similarly pass in your videos to inpaint_videos keyword on .sample. Inpainting mask can either be the same across all frames (batch, height, width) or different (batch, frames, height, width)

inpaint_videos = torch.randn(4, 3, 8, 512, 512).cuda()   # (batch, channels, frames, height, width)
inpaint_masks = torch.ones((4, 8, 512, 512)).bool().cuda()  # (batch, frames, height, width)

inpainted_videos = trainer.sample(texts = [
    'a whale breaching from afar',
    'young girl blowing out candles on her birthday cake',
    'fireworks with blue and green sparkles',
    'dust motes swirling in the morning sunshine on the windowsill'
], inpaint_videos = inpaint_videos, inpaint_masks = inpaint_masks, cond_scale = 5.)

inpainted_videos # (4, 3, 8, 512, 512)

Experimental

Tero Karras of StyleGAN fame has written a new paper with results that have been corroborated by a number of independent researchers as well as on my own machine. I have decided to create a version of Imagen, the ElucidatedImagen, so that one can use the new elucidated DDPM for text-guided cascading generation.

Simply import ElucidatedImagen, and then instantiate the instance as you did before. The hyperparameters are different than the usual ones for discrete and continuous time gaussian diffusion, and can be individualized for each unet in the cascade.

Ex.

from imagen_pytorch import ElucidatedImagen

# instantiate your unets ...

imagen = ElucidatedImagen(
    unets = (unet1, unet2),
    image_sizes = (64, 128),
    cond_drop_prob = 0.1,
    num_sample_steps = (64, 32), # number of sample steps - 64 for base unet, 32 for upsampler (just an example, have no clue what the optimal values are)
    sigma_min = 0.002,           # min noise level
    sigma_max = (80, 160),       # max noise level, @crowsonkb recommends double the max noise level for upsampler
    sigma_data = 0.5,            # standard deviation of data distribution
    rho = 7,                     # controls the sampling schedule
    P_mean = -1.2,               # mean of log-normal distribution from which noise is drawn for training
    P_std = 1.2,                 # standard deviation of log-normal distribution from which noise is drawn for training
    S_churn = 80,                # parameters for stochastic sampling - depends on dataset, Table 5 in apper
    S_tmin = 0.05,
    S_tmax = 50,
    S_noise = 1.003,
).cuda()

# rest is the same as above

Text to Video

This repository will also start accumulating new research around text guided video synthesis. For starters it will adopt the 3d unet architecture described by Jonathan Ho in Video Diffusion Models

Update: verified working by Hadrien Reynaud!

Ex.

import torch
from imagen_pytorch import Unet3D, ElucidatedImagen, ImagenTrainer

unet1 = Unet3D(dim = 64, dim_mults = (1, 2, 4, 8)).cuda()

unet2 = Unet3D(dim = 64, dim_mults = (1, 2, 4, 8)).cuda()

# elucidated imagen, which contains the unets above (base unet and super resoluting ones)

imagen = ElucidatedImagen(
    unets = (unet1, unet2),
    image_sizes = (16, 32),
    random_crop_sizes = (None, 16),
    temporal_downsample_factor = (2, 1),        # in this example, the first unet would receive the video temporally downsampled by 2x
    num_sample_steps = 10,
    cond_drop_prob = 0.1,
    sigma_min = 0.002,                          # min noise level
    sigma_max = (80, 160),                      # max noise level, double the max noise level for upsampler
    sigma_data = 0.5,                           # standard deviation of data distribution
    rho = 7,                                    # controls the sampling schedule
    P_mean = -1.2,                              # mean of log-normal distribution from which noise is drawn for training
    P_std = 1.2,                                # standard deviation of log-normal distribution from which noise is drawn for training
    S_churn = 80,                               # parameters for stochastic sampling - depends on dataset, Table 5 in apper
    S_tmin = 0.05,
    S_tmax = 50,
    S_noise = 1.003,
).cuda()

# mock videos (get a lot of this) and text encodings from large T5

texts = [
    'a whale breaching from afar',
    'young girl blowing out candles on her birthday cake',
    'fireworks with blue and green sparkles',
    'dust motes swirling in the morning sunshine on the windowsill'
]

videos = torch.randn(4, 3, 10, 32, 32).cuda() # (batch, channels, time / video frames, height, width)

# feed images into imagen, training each unet in the cascade
# for this example, only training unet 1

trainer = ImagenTrainer(imagen)

# you can also ignore time when training on video initially, shown to improve results in video-ddpm paper. eventually will make the 3d unet trainable with either images or video. research shows it is essential (with current data regimes) to train first on text-to-image. probably won't be true in another decade. all big data becomes small data

trainer(videos, texts = texts, unet_number = 1, ignore_time = False)
trainer.update(unet_number = 1)

videos = trainer.sample(texts = texts, video_frames = 20) # extrapolating to 20 frames from training on 10 frames

videos.shape # (4, 3, 20, 32, 32)

You can also train on text - image pairs first. The Unet3D will automatically convert it to single framed videos and learn without the temporal components (by automatically setting ignore_time = True), whether it be 1d convolutions or causal attention across time.

This is the current approach taken by all the big artificial intelligence labs (Brain, MetaAI, Bytedance)

FAQ

Why are my generated images not aligning well with the text?

Imagen uses an algorithm called Classifier Free Guidance. When sampling, you apply a scale to the conditioning (text in this case) of greater than 1.0.

Researcher Netruk44 have reported 5-10 to be optimal, but anything greater than 10 to break.

trainer.sample(texts = [
    'a cloud in the shape of a roman gladiator'
], cond_scale = 5.) # <-- cond_scale is the conditioning scale, needs to be greater than 1.0 to be better than average

Are there any pretrained models yet?

Not at the moment but one will likely be trained and open sourced within the year, if not sooner. If you would like to participate, you can join the community of artificial neural network trainers at Laion (discord link is in the Readme above) and start collaborating.

Will this technology take my job?

More the reason why you should start training your own model, starting today! The last thing we need is this technology being in the hands of an elite few. Hopefully this repository reduces the work to just finding the necessary compute, and augmenting with your own curated dataset.

What am I allowed to do with this repository?

Anything! It is MIT licensed. In other words, you can freely copy / paste for your own research, remixed for whatever modality you can think of. Go train amazing models for profit, for science, or simply to satiate your own personal pleasure at witnessing something divine unravel in front of you.

Cool Applications!

Related Works

Audio diffusion from Flavio Schneider
Mini Imagen from Ryan O. | AssemblyAI writeup

Todo

Citations

@inproceedings{Saharia2022PhotorealisticTD,
    title   = {Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding},
    author  = {Chitwan Saharia and William Chan and Saurabh Saxena and Lala Li and Jay Whang and Emily L. Denton and Seyed Kamyar Seyed Ghasemipour and Burcu Karagol Ayan and Seyedeh Sara Mahdavi and Raphael Gontijo Lopes and Tim Salimans and Jonathan Ho and David Fleet and Mohammad Norouzi},
    year    = {2022}
}

@article{Alayrac2022Flamingo,
    title   = {Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning},
    author  = {Jean-Baptiste Alayrac et al},
    year    = {2022}
}

@inproceedings{Sankararaman2022BayesFormerTW,
    title   = {BayesFormer: Transformer with Uncertainty Estimation},
    author  = {Karthik Abinav Sankararaman and Sinong Wang and Han Fang},
    year    = {2022}
}

@article{So2021PrimerSF,
    title   = {Primer: Searching for Efficient Transformers for Language Modeling},
    author  = {David R. So and Wojciech Ma'nke and Hanxiao Liu and Zihang Dai and Noam M. Shazeer and Quoc V. Le},
    journal = {ArXiv},
    year    = {2021},
    volume  = {abs/2109.08668}
}

@misc{cao2020global,
    title   = {Global Context Networks},
    author  = {Yue Cao and Jiarui Xu and Stephen Lin and Fangyun Wei and Han Hu},
    year    = {2020},
    eprint  = {2012.13375},
    archivePrefix = {arXiv},
    primaryClass = {cs.CV}
}

@article{Karras2022ElucidatingTD,
    title   = {Elucidating the Design Space of Diffusion-Based Generative Models},
    author  = {Tero Karras and Miika Aittala and Timo Aila and Samuli Laine},
    journal = {ArXiv},
    year    = {2022},
    volume  = {abs/2206.00364}
}

@inproceedings{NEURIPS2020_4c5bcfec,
    author      = {Ho, Jonathan and Jain, Ajay and Abbeel, Pieter},
    booktitle   = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
    editor      = {H. Larochelle and M. Ranzato and R. Hadsell and M.F. Balcan and H. Lin},
    pages       = {6840--6851},
    publisher   = {Curran Associates, Inc.},
    title       = {Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models},
    url         = {https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/4c5bcfec8584af0d967f1ab10179ca4b-Paper.pdf},
    volume      = {33},
    year        = {2020}
}

@article{Lugmayr2022RePaintIU,
    title   = {RePaint: Inpainting using Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models},
    author  = {Andreas Lugmayr and Martin Danelljan and Andr{\'e}s Romero and Fisher Yu and Radu Timofte and Luc Van Gool},
    journal = {ArXiv},
    year    = {2022},
    volume  = {abs/2201.09865}
}

@misc{ho2022video,
    title   = {Video Diffusion Models},
    author  = {Jonathan Ho and Tim Salimans and Alexey Gritsenko and William Chan and Mohammad Norouzi and David J. Fleet},
    year    = {2022},
    eprint  = {2204.03458},
    archivePrefix = {arXiv},
    primaryClass = {cs.CV}
}

@inproceedings{rogozhnikov2022einops,
    title   = {Einops: Clear and Reliable Tensor Manipulations with Einstein-like Notation},
    author  = {Alex Rogozhnikov},
    booktitle = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
    year    = {2022},
    url     = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=oapKSVM2bcj}
}

@misc{chen2022analog,
    title   = {Analog Bits: Generating Discrete Data using Diffusion Models with Self-Conditioning},
    author  = {Ting Chen and Ruixiang Zhang and Geoffrey Hinton},
    year    = {2022},
    eprint  = {2208.04202},
    archivePrefix = {arXiv},
    primaryClass = {cs.CV}
}

@misc{Singer2022,
    author  = {Uriel Singer},
    url     = {https://makeavideo.studio/Make-A-Video.pdf}
}

@article{Sunkara2022NoMS,
    title   = {No More Strided Convolutions or Pooling: A New CNN Building Block for Low-Resolution Images and Small Objects},
    author  = {Raja Sunkara and Tie Luo},
    journal = {ArXiv},
    year    = {2022},
    volume  = {abs/2208.03641}
}

@article{Salimans2022ProgressiveDF,
    title   = {Progressive Distillation for Fast Sampling of Diffusion Models},
    author  = {Tim Salimans and Jonathan Ho},
    journal = {ArXiv},
    year    = {2022},
    volume  = {abs/2202.00512}
}

@article{Ho2022ImagenVH,
    title   = {Imagen Video: High Definition Video Generation with Diffusion Models},
    author  = {Jonathan Ho and William Chan and Chitwan Saharia and Jay Whang and Ruiqi Gao and Alexey A. Gritsenko and Diederik P. Kingma and Ben Poole and Mohammad Norouzi and David J. Fleet and Tim Salimans},
    journal = {ArXiv},
    year    = {2022},
    volume  = {abs/2210.02303}
}

@misc{gilmer2023intriguing
    title  = {Intriguing Properties of Transformer Training Instabilities},
    author = {Justin Gilmer, Andrea Schioppa, and Jeremy Cohen},
    year   = {2023},
    status = {to be published - one attention stabilization technique is circulating within Google Brain, being used by multiple teams}
}

@inproceedings{Hang2023EfficientDT,
    title   = {Efficient Diffusion Training via Min-SNR Weighting Strategy},
    author  = {Tiankai Hang and Shuyang Gu and Chen Li and Jianmin Bao and Dong Chen and Han Hu and Xin Geng and Baining Guo},
    year    = {2023}
}

@article{Zhang2021TokenST,
    title   = {Token Shift Transformer for Video Classification},
    author  = {Hao Zhang and Y. Hao and Chong-Wah Ngo},
    journal = {Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia},
    year    = {2021}
}

@inproceedings{anonymous2022normformer,
    title   = {NormFormer: Improved Transformer Pretraining with Extra Normalization},
    author  = {Anonymous},
    booktitle = {Submitted to The Tenth International Conference on Learning Representations },
    year    = {2022},
    url     = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=GMYWzWztDx5},
    note    = {under review}
}