theDjangoBook2.0

Ref

https://github.com/jacobian/djangobook.com.git

	sudo apt-get install texlive-latex-base
	make singlehtml
	make latexpdf
	make html

https://github.com/maodouzi/theDjangoBook2.0.git

Step

Introduction to Django

Getting Started

Init django project

Commonds:

sudo pip install django
sudo chmod a+r -R /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/
django-admin.py startproject mysite
cd mysite
./manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8080			

http://localhost:8080/

Blue Welcome Page

Views and URLconfs
1. Hello, world
  
  setting.py: ROOT_URLCONF = 'mysite.urls'
2. My home page view
  
  url(ctrl) & view
3. Dynamic Content: Time
  1. offset is string, if be sent to datetime as int arg, exception raised
  2. view use "try catch" double check even if url has already use regex: \d{1,2}, loosely coupled for reuse.
4. Dynamic Url
  1. multi-url => view

Templates

Overview

Variable:

{{ var }}

Tag:

{% if ordered_warranty %}
{% else %}	# Optional, no elif
{% endif %}

{% for athlete in athlete_list %}
	<li>{{ athlete.name }}</li>
{% endfor %}

ifequal & comment & include & block

Filter:

{{ ship_date|date:"F j, Y" }}

Django Shell

cd /windows/local/github/theDjangoBook2.0/mysite
export DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=mysite.settings
from django.template import Template

No error means you could use django shell with your django project setting

Variable

Basic:

>>> from django import template
>>> t = template.Template('My name is {{ name }}.')
>>> c = template.Context({'name': 'Adrian'})
>>> print t.render(c)
My name is Adrian.
>>> c = template.Context({'name': 'Fred'})
>>> print t.render(c)
My name is Fred.

Dict:

>>> from django.template import Template, Context
>>> person = {'name': 'Sally', 'age': '43'}
>>> t = Template('{{ person.name }} is {{ person.age }} years old.')
>>> c = Context({'person': person})
>>> t.render(c)
u'Sally is 43 years old.'

Object Attribute:

>>> from django.template import Template, Context
>>> import datetime
>>> d = datetime.date(1993, 5, 2)
>>> d.year
1993
>>> d.month
5
>>> d.day
2
>>> t = Template('The month is {{ date.month }} and the year is {{ date.year }}.')
>>> c = Context({'date': d})
>>> t.render(c)
u'The month is 5 and the year is 1993.'

Object Function:

>>> from django.template import Template, Context
>>> t = Template('{{ var }} -- {{ var.upper }} -- {{ var.isdigit }}')
>>> t.render(Context({'var': 'hello'}))
u'hello -- HELLO -- False'
>>> t.render(Context({'var': '123'}))
u'123 -- 123 -- True'

List Index:

>>> from django.template import Template, Context
>>> t = Template('{{ var }} -- {{ var.upper }} -- {{ var.isdigit }}')
>>> t.render(Context({'var': 'hello'}))
u'hello -- HELLO -- False'
>>> t.render(Context({'var': '123'}))
u'123 -- 123 -- True'

Nested Dot:

>>> from django.template import Template, Context
>>> person = {'name': 'Sally', 'age': '43'}
>>> t = Template('{{ person.name.upper }} is {{ person.age }} years old.')
>>> c = Context({'person': person})
>>> t.render(c)
u'SALLY is 43 years old.'

If, during the method lookup, a method raises an exception, the exception will be propagated, unless the exception has an attribute silent_variable_failure whose value is True. If the exception does have a silent_variable_failure attribute, the variable will render as an empty string, for example:

>>> t = Template("My name is {{ person.first_name }}.")
>>> class PersonClass3:
...     def first_name(self):
...         raise AssertionError, "foo"
>>> p = PersonClass3()
>>> t.render(Context({"person": p}))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: foo

>>> class SilentAssertionError(AssertionError):
...     silent_variable_failure = True
>>> class PersonClass4:
...     def first_name(self):
...         raise SilentAssertionError
>>> p = PersonClass4()
>>> t.render(Context({"person": p}))
u'My name is .'

By default, if a variable doesn¡¯t exist, the template system renders it as an empty string, failing silently

>>> from django.template import Template, Context
>>> t = Template('Your name is {{ name }}.')
>>> t.render(Context())
u'Your name is .'

alters_data=True make any function who wanting to modify rendering object be disabled. Say, for instance, you have a BankAccount object that has a delete() method. If a template includes something like {{ account.delete }}, where account is a BankAccount object, the object would be deleted when the template is rendered! To prevent this, set the function attribute alters_data on the method:

def delete(self):
	# Delete the account
delete.alters_data = True

The template system won¡¯t execute any method marked in this way. Continuing the above example, if a template includes {{ account.delete }} and the delete() method has the alters_data=True, then the delete() method will not be executed when the template is rendered. Instead, it will fail silently.

Context Objects use standard Python dictionary syntax:

>>> from django.template import Context
>>> c = Context({"foo": "bar"})
>>> c['foo']
'bar'
>>> del c['foo']
>>> c['foo']
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
KeyError: 'foo'
>>> c['newvariable'] = 'hello'
>>> c['newvariable']
'hello'

If tag

False: [], (), {}, "", 0, None, False, (Custom objects that define their own Boolean context behavior)

If tag:

{% if athlete_list and coach_list %}
	Both athletes and coaches are available.
{% endif %}

{% if not athlete_list %}
	There are no athletes.
{% endif %}

{% if athlete_list or coach_list %}
	There are some athletes or some coaches.
{% endif %}

{% if not athlete_list or coach_list %}
	There are no athletes or there are some coaches.
{% endif %}

{% if athlete_list and not coach_list %}
	There are some athletes and absolutely no coaches.
{% endif %}

{% if %} tags don¡¯t allow and and or clauses within the same tag

{% if athlete_list or coach_list or parent_list or teacher_list %}

{% if athlete_list %}
	<p>Here are the athletes: {{ athlete_list }}.</p>
{% else %}
	<p>No athletes are available.</p>
	{% if coach_list %}
		<p>Here are the coaches: {{ coach_list }}.</p>
	{% endif %}
{% endif %}

For tag

Reversed for tag

{% for athlete in athlete_list reversed %}
...
{% endfor %}

Nested for tag

{% for athlete in athlete_list %}
	<h1>{{ athlete.name }}</h1>
	<ul>
	{% for sport in athlete.sports_played %}
		<li>{{ sport }}</li>
	{% endfor %}
	</ul>
{% endfor %}

Empty for tag

{% for athlete in athlete_list %}
	<p>{{ athlete.name }}</p>
{% empty %}
	<p>There are no athletes. Only computer programmers.</p>
{% endfor %}

forloop: counter, counter0, revcounter, revcounter0, first, last, parentloop

{% for item in todo_list %}
	<p>{{ forloop.counter }}: {{ item }}</p>
{% endfor %}

{% for object in objects %}
	{% if forloop.first %}<li class="first">{% else %}<li>{% endif %}
	{{ object }}
	</li>
{% endfor %}

{% for link in links %}{{ link }}{% if not forloop.last %} | {% endif %}{% endfor %}

{% for country in countries %}
	<table>
	{% for city in country.city_list %}
		<tr>
		<td>Country #{{ forloop.parentloop.counter }}</td>
		<td>City #{{ forloop.counter }}</td>
		<td>{{ city }}</td>
		</tr>
	{% endfor %}
	</table>
{% endfor %}

Ifequal Tag

ifequal / endifequal

{% ifequal var1 var2 %}
	<h1>Site News</h1>
{% else %}
	<h1>No News Here</h1>
{% endifequal %}

Only template variables, strings, integers, and decimal numbers are allowed as arguments to {% ifequal %}.

{% ifequal variable 1 %}
{% ifequal variable 1.23 %}
{% ifequal variable 'foo' %}
{% ifequal variable "foo" %}

Comment Tag

Single line:

{# This is a comment #}

Multiple lines:

{% comment %}
This is a
multi-line comment.
{% endcomment %}

Filter

Examples:

{{ name|lower }}
{{ my_list|first|upper }}
{{ bio|truncatewords:"30" }}
{{ pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }}

More details, see appendix E

Template & Context

http://localhost:8080/time/
Use template file by hand

Should touch /home/djangouser/templates/mytemplate.html & fix it.
Use django template

Notice: Don't forget to add comma in TEMPLATE_DIRS! Notice: '/home/django/mysite/templates', not good because of tight coupling Notice: Use '/' as path sep even in windows: os.path.join(os.path.dirname(file), 'templates').replace('\','/'), Without templates file, notice the TemplateDoesNotExist error in webpage.
Shortcuts: render

Storing templates in subdirectories of your template directory is easy. In your calls to get_template(), just include the subdirectory name and a slash before the template name, like so:
```
 t = get_template('dateapp/current_datetime.html')
```
Because render() is a small wrapper around get_template(), you can do the same thing with the second argument to render(), like this:
```
 return render(request, 'dateapp/current_datetime.html', {'current_date': now})
```

Include Tag

{% include "nav.html" %}
{% include 'includes/nav.html' %}
{% include template_name %}

# mypage.html

<html>
<body>
{% include "includes/nav.html" %}
<h1>{{ title }}</h1>
</body>
</html>

# includes/nav.html

<div id="nav">
	You are in: {{ current_section }}
</div>

Block Tag

If you use {% extends %} in a template, it must be the first template tag in that template. Otherwise, template inheritance won¡¯t work.

If you need to get the content of the block from the parent template, use {{ block.super }}

http://localhost:8080/time/

http://localhost:8080/time/plus/3/

Model

DB Setting

$ cd django_project_dir
$ export DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=mysite.settings
>>> from django.db import connection
>>> cursor = connection.cursor()

First App

$ cd mysite
$ python ../manage.py startapp books
Modify books/model.py & Install app in settings.py
$ cd ..
$ python manage.py validate
$ python manage.py sqlall books	=> show the create sql statements.
$ python manage.py syncdb

http://localhost:8080/first_app/

>>> from mysite.books.models import Publisher
>>> p1 = Publisher(name='Apress', address='2855 Telegraph Avenue',
...     city='Berkeley', state_province='CA', country='U.S.A.',
...     website='http://www.apress.com/')
>>> p1.save()
>>> p2 = Publisher(name="O'Reilly", address='10 Fawcett St.',
...     city='Cambridge', state_province='MA', country='U.S.A.',
...     website='http://www.oreilly.com/')
>>> p2.save()
>>> publisher_list = Publisher.objects.all()
>>> publisher_list
[<Publisher: Publisher object>, <Publisher: Publisher object>]

Init & Save at the same time, use create, Notice the last line, with unicode, change Publish instances output:

>>> p1 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Apress',
...     address='2855 Telegraph Avenue',
...     city='Berkeley', state_province='CA', country='U.S.A.',
...     website='http://www.apress.com/')
>>> p2 = Publisher.objects.create(name="O'Reilly",
...     address='10 Fawcett St.', city='Cambridge',
...     state_province='MA', country='U.S.A.',
...     website='http://www.oreilly.com/')
>>> publisher_list = Publisher.objects.all()
>>> publisher_list
>>> [<Publisher: Apress>, <Publisher: O'Reilly>]

SQL translation

Insert:

>>> p = Publisher(name='Apress',
...         address='2855 Telegraph Ave.',
...         city='Berkeley',
...         state_province='CA',
...         country='U.S.A.',
...         website='http://www.apress.com/')
>>> p.save()

INSERT INTO books_publisher
	(name, address, city, state_province, country, website)
VALUES
	('Apress', '2855 Telegraph Ave.', 'Berkeley', 'CA', 'U.S.A.', 'http://www.apress.com/');

Index

>>> p.id
52    # this will differ based on your own data

Update

>>> p.name = 'Apress Publishing'	
>>> p.save()

UPDATE books_publisher SET
	name = 'Apress Publishing',
	address = '2855 Telegraph Ave.',
	city = 'Berkeley',
	state_province = 'CA',
	country = 'U.S.A.',
	website = 'http://www.apress.com'
WHERE id = 52;

UPDATE books_publisher SET
	name = 'Apress Publishing'
WHERE id=52;

Selecting Objects

>>> Publisher.objects.all()
[<Publisher: Apress>, <Publisher: O'Reilly>]

SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website FROM books_publisher;

Filter

>>> Publisher.objects.filter(name='Apress')
[<Publisher: Apress>]

SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website
FROM books_publisher
WHERE name = 'Apress';

>>> Publisher.objects.filter(country="U.S.A.", state_province="CA")
[<Publisher: Apress>]

SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website
FROM books_publisher
WHERE country = 'U.S.A.'
AND state_province = 'CA';

>>> Publisher.objects.filter(name__contains="press")
[<Publisher: Apress>]

SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website
FROM books_publisher
WHERE name LIKE '%press%';

Retrieving Single Objects

>>> Publisher.objects.get(name="Apress")
<Publisher: Apress>

>>> Publisher.objects.get(country="U.S.A.")
Traceback (most recent call last):
	...
MultipleObjectsReturned: get() returned more than one Publisher --
	it returned 2! Lookup parameters were {'country': 'U.S.A.'}

>>> Publisher.objects.get(name="Penguin")
Traceback (most recent call last):
	...
DoesNotExist: Publisher matching query does not exist.

The DoesNotExist exception is an attribute of the model¡¯s class ¨C Publisher.DoesNotExist. In your applications, you¡¯ll want to trap these exceptions, like this:

try:
	p = Publisher.objects.get(name='Apress')
except Publisher.DoesNotExist:
	print "Apress isn't in the database yet."
else:
	print "Apress is in the database."

Ordering Data

>>> Publisher.objects.order_by("name")
[<Publisher: Apress>, <Publisher: O'Reilly>]

SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website
FROM books_publisher
ORDER BY name;

>>> Publisher.objects.order_by("state_province", "address")
[<Publisher: Apress>, <Publisher: O'Reilly>]

>>> Publisher.objects.order_by("-name")
[<Publisher: O'Reilly>, <Publisher: Apress>]

class Publisher(models.Model):
	name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
	address = models.CharField(max_length=50)
	city = models.CharField(max_length=60)
	state_province = models.CharField(max_length=30)
	country = models.CharField(max_length=50)
	website = models.URLField()

	def __unicode__(self):
		return self.name

	class Meta:
		ordering = ['name']

If you specify this, it tells Django that unless an ordering is given explicitly with order_by(), all Publisher objects should be ordered by the name field whenever they¡¯re retrieved with the Django database API.

Chaining Lookups

>>> Publisher.objects.filter(country="U.S.A.").order_by("-name")
[<Publisher: O'Reilly>, <Publisher: Apress>]
>>> Publisher.objects.order_by("-name").filter(country="U.S.A.")
[<Publisher: O'Reilly>, <Publisher: Apress>]

SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website
FROM books_publisher
WHERE country = 'U.S.A'
ORDER BY name DESC;

Slicing Data

>>> Publisher.objects.order_by('name')[0]
<Publisher: Apress>

SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website
FROM books_publisher
ORDER BY name
LIMIT 1;

>>> Publisher.objects.order_by('name')[0:2]

SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website
FROM books_publisher
ORDER BY name
OFFSET 0 LIMIT 2;

Note that negative slicing is not supported:

>>> Publisher.objects.order_by('name')[-1]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
AssertionError: Negative indexing is not supported.

This is easy to get around, though. Just change the order_by() statement, like this:

>>> Publisher.objects.order_by('-name')[0]

Updating Multiple Objects in One Statement

>>> p = Publisher.objects.get(name='Apress')
>>> p.name = 'Apress Publishing'
>>> p.save()

SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website
FROM books_publisher
WHERE name = 'Apress';

UPDATE books_publisher SET
	name = 'Apress Publishing',
	address = '2855 Telegraph Ave.',
	city = 'Berkeley',
	state_province = 'CA',
	country = 'U.S.A.',
	website = 'http://www.apress.com'
WHERE id = 52;

(Note that this example assumes Apress has a publisher ID of 52.)

>>> Publisher.objects.filter(id=52).update(name='Apress Publishing')

UPDATE books_publisher
SET name = 'Apress Publishing'
WHERE id = 52;

>>> Publisher.objects.all().update(country='USA')
2

The update() method has a return value ¨C an integer representing how many records changed. In the above example, we got 2.

Deleting Objects

>>> p = Publisher.objects.get(name="O'Reilly")
>>> p.delete()
>>> Publisher.objects.all()
[<Publisher: Apress Publishing>]

>>> Publisher.objects.filter(country='USA').delete()
>>> Publisher.objects.all().delete()
>>> Publisher.objects.all()
[]

>>> Publisher.objects.filter(country='USA').delete()

The Django Admin Site
1. Install Admin
```
$ python manage.py syncdb
	amdin / admin
	If choose not create admin during syncdb, shouldrun: python manage.py createsuperuser
```
  http://localhost:8080/admin/
  
  Try change admin email: input verify
2. Add books to administion page
  
  http://localhost:8080/admin/
  
  When Django loads your URLconf from urls.py at server startup, it executes the admin.autodiscover() statement that we added as part of activating the admin. This function iterates over your INSTALLED_APPS setting and looks for a file called admin.py in each installed app. If an admin.py exists in a given app, it executes the code in that file.
  
  In the admin.py in our books app, each call to admin.site.register() simply registers the given model with the admin. The admin site will only display an edit/change interface for models that have been explicitly registered.
  
  The app django.contrib.auth includes its own admin.py, which is why Users and Groups showed up automatically in the admin. Other django.contrib apps, such as django.contrib.redirects, also add themselves to the admin, as do many third-party Django applications you might download from the Web.
3. Making Fields Optional
  
  email = models.EmailField(blank=True) By default, all fields have blank=False, which means blank values are not allowed.
  
  http://localhost:8080/admin/books/author/add/
4. Making Date and Numeric Fields Optional
  
  PostgreSQL: ALTER TABLE books_book ALTER COLUMN publication_date DROP NOT NULL;
  
  Sqlite Manage: Delete && Creat
```
ALTER TABLE "main"."books_book" RENAME TO "oXHFcGcd04oXHFcGcd04_books_book"
CREATE TABLE "main"."books_book" ("id" integer PRIMARY KEY  NOT NULL ,"title" varchar(100) NOT NULL ,"publisher_id" integer NOT NULL )
INSERT INTO "main"."books_book" SELECT "id","title","publisher_id" FROM "main"."oXHFcGcd04oXHFcGcd04_books_book"
DROP TABLE "main"."oXHFcGcd04oXHFcGcd04_books_book"
ALTER TABLE "main"."books_book" ADD COLUMN "publication_date" DATETIME
```
  http://localhost:8080/admin/books/book/add/
5. Customizing Field Labels
  
  http://localhost:8080/admin/books/author/add/
```
first_name => First name:
last_name => Last name:
e-mail => E-mail:
```
6. Customizing admin list display
  
  http://localhost:8080/admin/books/author/
7. Customizing admin search field
  
  http://localhost:8080/admin/books/author/
8. Customizing admin filter field
  
  http://localhost:8080/admin/books/book/
9. Customizing admin date_hierarchy
  
  http://localhost:8080/admin/books/book/
10. Customizing admin default ordering
  
  http://localhost:8080/admin/books/book/
11. Customizing admin edit filed
  
  Hidden some filed, make them un-editable
  
  http://localhost:8080/admin/books/book/1/
12. Customizing admin filter horizon for many2many section
  
  http://localhost:8080/admin/books/book/1/
13. Customizing admin raw id field
  
  http://localhost:8080/admin/books/book/1/

Forms

Request Information About the URL, UA, META

http://localhost:8080/current_url_view_good/

http://localhost:8080/display_meta/
Basic Search Form

http://localhost:8080/search-form/
Get Method

http://localhost:8080/search/?q=ddd
Get Method, Search book from db

http://localhost:8080/search/?q=ddd
Get Method, Search book from db, add error info with color

http://localhost:8080/search/?q=
Get Method, Search book from db, Search result / form same page

In this updated view, if a user visits /search/ with no GET parameters, he¡¯ll see the search form with no error message.

remove search_form view.

http://localhost:8080/search/
Get Method, Search book from db, Simple validation

localhost:8080/search/?q=fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
Get Method, Contact

http://localhost:8080/contact/
Get Method, Contact, Error keep previous data

http://localhost:8080/contact/

First Form Class

Interact Environment:

 $ cd /windows/local/github/theDjangoBook2.0/mysite

 >>> from contact.forms import ContactForm
 >>> f = ContactForm()
 >>> print f
 <tr><th><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="subject" id="id_subject" /></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_email">Email:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="email" id="id_email" /></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_message">Message:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></td></tr>

 >>> print f.as_ul()
 <li><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label> <input type="text" name="subject" id="id_subject" /></li>
 <li><label for="id_email">Email:</label> <input type="text" name="email" id="id_email" /></li>
 <li><label for="id_message">Message:</label> <input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></li>
 >>> print f.as_p()
 <p><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label> <input type="text" name="subject" id="id_subject" /></p>
 <p><label for="id_email">Email:</label> <input type="text" name="email" id="id_email" /></p>
 <p><label for="id_message">Message:</label> <input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></p>
 
 >>> print f['subject']
 <input type="text" name="subject" id="id_subject" />
 >>> print f['message']
 <input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" />

 >>> f.is_bound
 False
 >>> f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello', 'email': '[email protected]', 'message': 'Nice site!'})
 >>> f.is_bound
 True

 >>> f.is_valid()
 True

 If we don¡¯t pass the email field, it¡¯s still valid, because we¡¯ve specified required=False for that field:

 >>> f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello', 'message': 'Nice site!'})
 >>> f.is_valid()
 True

 But, if we leave off either subject or message, the Form is no longer valid:

 >>> f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello'})
 >>> f.is_valid()
 False
 >>> f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello', 'message': ''})
 >>> f.is_valid()
 False

 You can drill down to get field-specific error messages:

 >>> f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello', 'message': ''})
 >>> f['message'].errors
 [u'This field is required.']
 >>> f['subject'].errors
 []
 >>> f['email'].errors
 []

 >>> f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello', 'email': '[email protected]', 'message': 'Nice site!'})
 >>> f.is_valid()
 True
 >>> f.cleaned_data
 {'message': u'Nice site!', 'email': u'[email protected]', 'subject': u'Hello'}

Tying Form Objects Into Views

localhost:8080/contact/
Changing text filed to textarea, add max_length to char field.

localhost:8080/contact/
Setting Initial Values

localhost:8080/contact/
Custom Validation Rules

localhost:8080/contact/

Here clean_message map to member var: message, if you want to validate subject
```
 1. change name to clean_subject
 2. change self.cleaned_data['message'] to self.cleaned_data['subject']
```
Specifying labels

localhost:8080/contact/

Customizing Form Design

localhost:8080/contact/

Error show as red.

 {{ form.message.errors }} displays a <ul class="errorlist"> if errors are present

Customizing Form Design: error

localhost:8080/contact/
```
 {% for error in form.message.errors %}
```

Advanced Views and URLconfs

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