Yolol.IL is a compiler from the Yolol language to dotnet IL. The compiled code executes very fast - millions of lines/second.

Yolol.IL is distributed as a nuget package. Once you have it installed in your project using it is quite simple:

// First parse the source code into an AST
var result = Parser.ParseProgram("the_code");
if (!result.IsOk)
    throw new Exception($"Cannot parse program: {result.Err}");

// Compile the AST
var externalsMap = new ExternalsMap();
var compiled = ast.Compile(externalsMap);

// set up memory to use at runtime
var externals = new Value[externalsMap.Count];
Array.Fill(externals, Number.Zero);
var internals = new Value[compiled.InternalsMap.Count];
Array.Fill(internals, Number.Zero);

// Run the code
while (true)
    compiled.Tick(internals, externals)

Each call to Tick will execute one line of Yolol.

The Compile method has a number of optional parameters which allow you to tweak some of the rules of the language. The default values are the correct behaviour for compatibility with the Starbase in-game implementation.

• maxLines: Allows you to set the maximum number of lines in a program. Programs will be padded up to this number.
• maxStringLength: The maximum length of strings. Any strings longer than this will be trimmed to this length.
• staticTypes: A set of type hints for variables, the compiled code may be faster if static types are provided. Use with caution - providing incorrect type hints will cause undefined behaviour.
• changeDetection: Enable "change detection", this allows you to inspect the ChangeSet property on the compiled program to determine which variables may have changed (false positives are possible, false negatives are not).

There are two ways to run the compiled program.

The Tick method runs one single line, this gives you an opportunity to inspect the execution state between each line and to modify it if necessary (e.g. for simulating devices).

The Run method runs for a maximum number of ticks or until any one of a set of variables changes. This is faster for bulk execution of lines where you simply want to break out when some indicator variable is set (e.g. done=1).

Yolol.IL is a two pass compiler with no complex pre-compilation code analysis, this keeps the project relatively simple and maintainable.

The first pass consumes Yolol and produces IL, it is split across several files.

Yolol.IL\Extensions\CompileExtensions.cs provides a set of Compile extension methods on Yolol ASTs and individual Yolol lines. All of these extensions ultimately call one single extension which sets up the method body and then calls the ConvertLineVisitor. Part of the setup involves creating a try/catch block for Yolol runtime exceptions. The compiler should emit code which never causes a runtime exception (they're very slow), but this exists just in case one is missed!

Yolol.IL\Compiler\ConvertLineVisitor.cs walks over the AST and emits IL node by node. There is a Visit method for every single statement/expression type in the language which is responsible for emitting code for that item.

Yolol.IL\Compiler\TypeStack.cs provides a helper for keeping track of types on the stack. IL is a stack based language, so many of the Visit methods leave a value onto the stack, the type stack keeps track of what type it was. Most Visit methods which consume values off the stack will inspect this and specialise based on the types it is about to operate on.

Yolol.IL\Extensions\ExpressionExtensions.cs converts simple C# expression trees into IL. There are two separate compilation paths here - the "fast path" which consumes values off the stack in the order they are provided and supports a fairly limited set of operations and the "slow path" which supports a wider range of operations but must copy values off the stack into locals.

The first pass produced a stream of instructions by calling methods on an OptimisingEmitter (Yolol.IL\Compiler\Emitter\OptimisingEmitter.cs), these methods have a one-to-one correspondence to IL instructions. When Dispose is called on the OptimisingEmitter this stream of instructions will be emitted.

The Optimise method is called to inspect the instruction stream and to rewrite it if necessary. This allows the first pass to emit correct but non-optimal IL. All of the optimisations at this level are "peephole optimisations" which scan for a specific pattern of instructions and rewrites it into something better.

For example, the DupStorePopChain optimisation finds sequences like this:

• Duplicate()
• Store()
• Pop()

The Duplicate and Pop instructions are useless here since they duplicate a value, save the duplicate and then throw away the original. This is rewritten to:

• Store()

Although Yolol.IL is quite a complex project overall contributing an single optimisation is relatively simple and should only touch a small part of the project. There are broadly three ways an optimisation can be added:

• Add a way to discover more type information.
• Modify a single Visit method to make better use of type information available to it.
• Add a new peephole optimisation to the OptimisingEmitter.

Yolol.IL calls into the types provided by the Yolol project (i.e. Value/YString/Number). Optimisations to these types can often provide large speedups to compiled code.

If you are interested in contributing contact Yolathothep (Martin#2468) in Discord to discuss your ideas.