This repository contains a Julia package that implements various control barrier function (CBFs) techniques based on reduced-order models. The code here is based on a collection of papers (see related works at the end of this readme) and may be used to reconstruct many of the examples from our papers:

M. H. Cohen, T. G. Molnar, and A. D. Ames, "Safety-Critical Control of Autonomous Systems: Control Barrier Functions via Reduced-Order Models," Annual Reviews in Control, vol. 57, pp. 100947, 2024;

M. H. Cohen, R. K. Cosner, and A.D. Ames, "Constructive Safety-Critical Control: Synthesizing Control Barrier Functions for Partially Feedback Linearizable Systems," IEEE Control Systems Letters, 2024.

The code corresponding to the examples in the above papers can be found in the examples folder of this repo. If you find this code useful, please consider citing the above papers or some of the works mentioned at the end of this README.

The most reliable way to use this code would be to clone this repo, activate the corresponding Julia environment, and then run the code examples. Alternatively, you can directly add this repo as an unregistered Julia package by entering the Julia package manager and executing:

add https://github.com/maxhcohen/ReducedOrderModelCBFs.jl

We'll walk step-by-step through one of the examples that demonstrates the procedure used to construct CBFs via reduced-order models. The objective here is to design a controller for a double integrator to avoid an obstacle by extending a CBF for a single integrator to that for a double integrator

First, we need to load the packages we'll use:

using LinearAlgebra
using ReducedOrderModelCBFs

Next, we create our reduced-order model -- a 2D single integrator:

Σ0 = SingleIntegrator(2)

Now, we construct a CBF for this single integrator:

xo = [-1.0, 1.0] # Obstacle center
ro = 0.4 # Obstacle radius
h0(x) = norm(x - xo)^2 - ro^2 # Distance to obstacle
cbf0 = ControlBarrierFunction(h0, s -> s); # CBF for reduced-order model

We use this CBF to construct a smooth safety filter for the reduced-order model:

kd0(x) = -x # Desired controller for ROM
k0 = SmoothSafetyFilter(Σ0, cbf0, kd0, formula="gaussian", σ=0.1);

This smooth safety filter is now used to construct a CBF for the double-integrator:

μ = 5.0
h(x) = h0(x[1:2]) - (0.5/μ)*norm(x[3:4] - k0(x[1:2]))^2
cbf = ControlBarrierFunction(h, s -> s);

Finally, we construct a QP-based safety filter for the double-integrator:

kd(x) = -x[1:2] - 2*x[3:4] # Desired controller for full-order model
k = ReluSafetyFilter(Σ, cbf, kd);

If we want, we can then simulate the system under this controller:

x0 = [-2.1, 2.0, 0.0, 0.0] # Initial condition
T = 15.0 # Length of simulation
sol = simulate(Σ, k, x0, T) # Resulting solution

I make all of my plots using PGFPlotsX.jl, which is essentially a Julia wrapper for the PGFPlots LaTeX package. The examples in this repo make use of this package, which requires you to have a working LaTeX installation. If you do want to use PGFPlots for plotting, please have a look at the Plots.jl package.

• P. Ong and J. Cortes, “Universal formula for smooth safe stabilization,” in Proceeding of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pp. 2373–2378, 2019.

• M. H. Cohen, P. Ong, G. Bahati, and A. D. Ames, “Characterizing smooth safety filters via the implicit function theorem,” IEEE Control Systems Letters, 2023.

• A. J. Taylor, P. Ong, T. G. Molnar, and A. D. Ames, “Safe backstepping with control barrier functions,” in Proceeding of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pp. 5775–5782, 2022.

• T. G. Molnar, R. K. Cosner, A. W. Singletary, W. Ubellacker, and A. D. Ames, “Model-free safety-critical control for robotic systems,” IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 944–951, 2022.

• T. G. Molnar and A. D. Ames, “Safety-critical control with bounded inputs via reduced order models,” in Proc. Amer. Control Conf., pp. 1414–1421, 2023.

• A. W. Singletary, K. Klingebiel, J. Bourne, A. Browning, P. Tokumaru, and A. D. Ames, “Comparative analysis of control barrier functions and artificial potential fields for obstacle avoidance,” in Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 8129–8136, 2021

• A. Singletary, S. Kolathaya, and A. D. Ames, “Safety-critical kinematic control of robotic systems,” IEEE Control Systems Letters, vol. 6, pp. 139–144, 2022.

• A. W. Singletary, W. Guffey, T. Molnar, R. Sinnet, and A. D. Ames, “Safety-critical manipulation for collision-free food preparation,” IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 10954–10961, 2022.