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In-Memory Database Engine for JavaScript

License: MIT License

JavaScript 100.00%

dbjs's Introduction

dbjs

In-Memory Database Engine for JavaScript

Concept

dbjs is database of events, each atomic update is represented as an event which is added on top of log.

In contrary to popular CRUD model, each creation, update and deletion is just another atomic event that occurs and affects state of things.

Please see great presentation by Greg Young, which while unrelated to this project, describes well one of the main ideas behind dbjs.

Important: dbjs already powers sophisticated projects, but it's still under heavy development. It's API is not yet in stable state and is subject to changes

If you need help with dbjs, please don't hesitate to ask on dedicated mailing list: [email protected]

Installation

NPM

In your project path:

$ npm install medikoo/dbjs

Browser

You can easily bundle NPM packages for browser with modules-webmake

Introduction

Data modeling

In common application we define models in database engine that persists our data, and then we try to resemble that model (in manual or more less automatic way) in a language that we program our application. We connect both worlds and work like that.

In dbjs we define models directly in JavaScript, using most of things that language has to offer, its types, functions, prototypal inheritance etc. and we work with it natural way. On the other side dbjs provides all means to observe the changes in reasonable manner. Persistent layer can be easily connected to low-end point which expresses data with graph/key-value representations, that remains transparent to our work.

Let's start step by step, by writing example model setup:

var Database = require('dbjs');
var db = new Database();

db is our database, it exposes basic types, that correspond directly to JavaScript types

Basic types

db.Boolean
db.Number
db.String
db.DateTime
db.RegExp
db.Function
db.Object

Types are actually constructors that work in similar way as native JavaScript constructors:

db.Number('343'); // 343
db.String(343); // '343'
db.Boolean('foo'); // true

but they're more strict:

db.Number('foo'); // TypeError: foo is invalid Number

Any type can be extended into other:

db.String.extend('ShortString', { max: { value: 5 } });

Type name must be upper-case and follow camelCase convention, also name must be unique. After type is created it can be accessed directly on Database object:

db.ShortString('foo'); // 'foo'

When deriving from String type, we can define additional characteristics via options:

min: Minimum length
max: Maximum length
pattern: RegExp pattern

We set ShortString type to handle strings that are no longer than 3 characters

db.ShortString('foobar'); // TypeError: foobar is too long

Similar options can be provided when extending Number type (min, max and step) or DateTime type (min, max and step).

Mind that, while this is the only programmed-in options, you still can create your very own custom types programmatically, by creating custom constructors and providing other logic.

Within dbjs following types: Boolean, Number, String, DateTime, RegExp and Function are all considered as primitive and are expressed with one end value (even though in JavaScript language some of them are expressed with objects).

Object type

Base type for object types is Db.Object, Instance of Db.Object is (as in plain JavaScript) a plain object (a set of properties). Each property can have value that can be of any defined dbjs type

var obj = db.Object({ foo: 'bar', bar: 34 });

Object.keys(obj); // ['foo', 'bar']
obj.__id__;         // '158nineyo28' Unique internal id of an object

When type for property is not defined, then property is of Db.Base type. Base is representation of undefined type and shouldn't be used when defining model. Note: all basic types inherit from Base.

Object.getPrototypeOf(db.Boolean);     // db.Base
Object.getPrototypeOf(db.String);      // db.Base
Object.getPrototypeOf(db.ShortString); // db.String

We can access descriptor object of a property via following means:

obj.getDescriptor(propertyName): Returns descriptor of a property on definition or value level, that means that if e.g. we do user.getDescriptor('firstName'), it's possible we will receive an object for User.prototype.firstName property. This variant should be used when we want to just read the characterictics.
obj.getOwnDescriptor(propertyName)): Returns descriptor of a property on context object level, so for user.getDescriptor('firstName'), we will receive a descriptor for user.firstName. This variant should be used when we want to alter property characteristics.
obj.${propertyName}: (deprecated) - an alias for obj.getDescriptor('propertyName')

obj.foo; // 'bar'
obj.getDescriptor('foo'); // {}, descriptor of a property

We can read property's characteristics from its descriptor object

var fooDesc = obj.getDescriptor('foo');
fooDesc.type;        // db.Base, type of property
fooDesc.__id__;      // '158nineyo28/$foo', id of a desciptor object
fooDesc.__valueId__; // '158nineyo28/foo', id of a value that object describes
fooDesc.lastModified // 1373553256564482,  microtime stamp of last modification
fooDesc.required;    // false, whether property is required

We can override property characteristics:

var barDesc = obj.getOwnDescriptor('bar');
barDesc.type = db.String;
obj.bar; // '34'
barDesc.type = db.Number;
obj.bar; // 34
barDesc.type = db.Boolean;
obj.bar; // true

barDesc.required = true;
obj.bar = null; // TypeError: Property is required
barDesc.required = false;
obj.bar = null; // Ok

Defining object model

Let's define some custom object types.

We're going to create Patient and Doctor types for simple patient registry system:

Each dbjs type provides rel function, which generates property descriptor, through which we can define custom property of given type:

db.Object.extend('Patient', {
  firstName: { type: db.String, required: true }, 
  lastName: { type: db.String, required: true },
  birthDate: { type: db.DateTime, required: true }
});

db.Object.extend('Doctor', {
  firstName: { type: db.String, required: true },
  lastName: { type: db.String, required: true },
  patients: { type: db.Patient, multiple: true, reverse: 'doctor', unique: true }
});

Following descriptor properties, have special semantics defined in dbjs internals:

required boolean - Property will be required
multiple boolean - Property will be multiple (set of multiple values)
reverse any - Valid only for object types, will expose reverse property on a values, e.g. In Case of doctor.patients and reverse set to doctor, we would be able to access patient's doctor on patient's object, via patient.doctor property.
unique boolean - Whether values should be unique.
order number - Order number, used in ordered lists of properties
value - Default value, that will be set on prototype.

Any other option which may be provided will be set in it's direct form on meta-data object and it will not be used in internally by dbjs engine. That way you can define your custom meta properties and use them later in your custom way.

Let's build some objects for given schema:

var drHouse = new db.Doctor({ firstName: "Gregory", lastName: "House" });

drHouse.firstName; // 'Gregory'
drHouse.lastName; // 'House'
drHouse.patients; // {}, set of patients

var john = new db.Patient({ firstName: "John", lastName: "Smith", birthDate: new Date(1977, 0, 3) });

john.firstName; // 'John';
john.doctor; // null, we access reverse doctor value out of doctor.patients property.

Let's assign patient to our doctor:

drHouse.patients.add(john);
drHouse.patients.has(john); // true
drHouse.patients // { john }

john.doctor; // drHouse

Events

dbjs is highly evented, and provides observer functionalities for each object and property

var johnLastNameObservable = john._lastName;
john.lastName = 'House'; // 'change' emitted on johnLastNameObservable
drHouse.patients.delete(john); // 'delete' emitted on drHouse.patients
drHouse.patients.add(john); // 'add' emitted on drHouse.patients

There are more event types dedicated for persistent layer, they'll be documented in near future.

Computed properties

With dbjs we can also define computed (getter) properties:

Any function value, where length of function signature is 0 is considered and handled as a getter:

db.Doctor.prototype.define('fullName', {
	type: db.String,
	value: function () { return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName; }
});

drHouse.fullName; // "Gregory House"

In above case value is recalculated on each access. However whenever we decide to listen for changes on drHouse object or on its fullName observer, value will be automatically recalculated whenever firstName or lastName of drHouse changes:

drHouse._fullName.on('change', function () { ... });

drHouse.firstName = "John" // fullName recalculated and 'change' emitted
drHouse.fullName; // "John House"

Binding with persistent layer

See Engine agnostic example of persistent layer binding

dbjs-ext Other types (extensions)

dbjs on its own provides just basic types (which correspond to native JavaScript types), you can extend them into more custom on your own, but there's also dedicated dbjs-EXT project which defines all other common types that you may be after.

dbjs-dom DOM bindings

dbjs-DOM is dedicated project which provides two-way DOM bindings for any dbjs objects (each type is handled in dedicated way). If you build website with dbjs models, it will definitely you a lot of time.