• Represent knowledge with data structure
• Iteration and recursion as computational metaphors
• Abstraction of procedures and data types
• Organize and modulative systems using object classes and methods
• Different classes of algorithms, searching and sorting
• Complexity of algorithms

Programs manipulate data objects

• Objects are

  • Scalar (connot be subdivided)

  • Non-scalar (have internal structure that can be accessed)

• Scalar objects

  • int
  • float
  • bool
  • NoneType - special and has one value, None
  • can use type() to see the type of an object

• Branching and Iteration

  • strings
  • branching - if/elif/else
  • while loops
  • for loops

• Sring manipulation guess-and-check approximations bisection

  • string manipulation
  • guess and check algorithms (exhaustive enumeration)
  • approximate solutions (start with a guess and increment by some small value)
  • bisection method (half interval each iteration, new guess is halfway in between)

• Structuring programs and hiding details

  • projectors and decomposition
  • abstraction
  • functions and scope

• Tuplea, lists, aliasing, mutability, cloning

  • compound data types: tuples and lists
    • tuples: immutable, swap variables values, return more than one value from a function
    • lists-mutable
  • idea of aliasing
  • idea of mutability
  • idea of cloning

• Recursion , dictionary

  • recursion-divide/decrease and conquer

    recursion is the process of repeating items in a self-similar way

    • reduce a problem to simpler versions of the same problem
    • must have one or more base cases that are easy to solve
    • must solve the same problem on some other input with the goal of simplifying the larger problem input
    • examples: multiplication iterative, factorial
      • each recursive call to a function creates its own scope/environment
      • bindings of variables in a scope are not changed by recursive call
      • flow of control passes back to previous scope once function call returns value

  • dictionaties-another mutable object type

    • values
      • any type
      • can be duplicates
      • dictionary values can be lists, even other dictionaries
    • keys
      • must be unique
      • immutable type
    • no order to keys or values