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1. What are the possible ways to create objects in JavaScript?

There are many ways to create objects in javascript as below,

1. Object constructor:

The simpliest way to create an empty object is using Object constructor. Currently this approach is not recommended.

var object = new Object();

2. Object's create method:

The create method of Object creates a new object by passing the prototype object as a parameter

var object = Object.create(null);

3. Object literal syntax: The object literal syntax is equivalent to create method when it passes null as parameter

var object = {};

4. Function constructor: Create any function and apply the new operator to create object instances,

function Person(name){
 var object = {};
 object.name=name;
 object.age=21;
 return object;
}
var object = new Person("Sudheer");

5. Function constructor with prototype: This is similar to function constructor but it uses prototype for their properties and methods,

function Person(){}
Person.prototype.name = "Sudheer";
var object = new Person();

This is equivalent to an instance created with an object create method with a function prototype and then call that function with an instance and parameters as arguments.

function func {};

new func(x, y, z);

**(OR)**

// Create a new instance using function prototype.
var newInstance = Object.create(func.prototype)

// Call the function
var result = func.call(newInstance, x, y, z),

// If the result is a non-null object then use it otherwise just use the new instance.
console.log(result && typeof result === 'object' ? result : newInstance);

6. ES6 Class syntax: ES6 introduces class feature to create the objects

class Person {
 constructor(name) {
    this.name = name;
 }
}

var object = new Person("Sudheer");

7. Singleton pattern: A Singleton is an object which can only be instantiated one time. Repeated calls to its constructor return the same instance and this way one can ensure that they don't accidentally create multiple instances.

var object = new function(){
  this.name = "Sudheer";
}

2. What is prototype chain?

Prototype chaining is used to build new types of objects based on existing ones. It is similar to inheritance in a class based language. The prototype on object instance is available through Object.getPrototypeOf(object) or proto property whereas prototype on constructors function is available through object.prototype.

3. What is the difference between Call, Apply and Bind?

The difference between Call, Apply and Bind can be explained with below examples, Call: The call() method invokes a function with a given this value and arguments provided one by one

var employee1 = {firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Rodson'};
var employee2 = {firstName: 'Jimmy', lastName: 'Baily'};

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {
    console.log(greeting1 + ' ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.lastName+ ', '+ greeting2);
}

invite.call(employee1, 'Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
invite.call(employee2, 'Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?

Apply: Invokes the function and allows you to pass in arguments as an array

var employee1 = {firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Rodson'};
var employee2 = {firstName: 'Jimmy', lastName: 'Baily'};

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {
    console.log(greeting1 + ' ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.lastName+ ', '+ greeting2);
}

invite.apply(employee1, ['Hello', 'How are you?']); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
invite.apply(employee2, ['Hello', 'How are you?']); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?

bind: returns a new function, allowing you to pass in an array and any number of arguments

var employee1 = {firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Rodson'};
var employee2 = {firstName: 'Jimmy', lastName: 'Baily'};

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {
    console.log(greeting1 + ' ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.lastName+ ', '+ greeting2);
}

var inviteEmployee1 = invite.bind(employee1);
var inviteEmployee2 = invite.bind(employee2);
inviteEmployee1('Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
inviteEmployee2('Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?

Call and apply are pretty interchangeable. Both execute the current function immediately. You need to decide whether it’s easier to send in an array or a comma separated list of arguments. You can remember by treating Call is for comma (separated list) and Apply is for Array. Whereas Bind creates a new function that will have this set to the first parameter passed to bind().

4. What is JSON and its common operations?

JSON is a text-based data format following JavaScript object syntax, which was popularized by Douglas Crockford. It is useful when you want to transmit data across a network and it is basically just a text file with an extension of .json, and a MIME type of application/json Parsing: **Converting a string to a native object

JSON.parse(text)

Stringification: **converting a native object to a string so it can be transmitted across the network

JSON.stringify(object)

5. What is the purpose of array slice method?

The slice() method returns the selected elements in an array as a new array object. It selects the elements starting at the given start argument, and ends at the given optional end argument without including the last element. If you omit the second argument then it selects till the end. Some of the examples of this method are,

let arrayIntegers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegers1 = arrayIntegers.slice(0,2); // returns [1,2]
let arrayIntegers2 = arrayIntegers.slice(2,3); // returns [3]
let arrayIntegers3 = arrayIntegers.slice(4); //returns [5]

Note: Slice method won't mutate the original array but it returns the subset as new array.

6. What is the purpose of array splice method?

The splice() method is used either adds/removes items to/from an array, and then returns the removed item. The first argument specifies the array position for insertion or deletion whereas the option second argument indicates the number of elements to be deleted. Each additional argument is added to the array. Some of the examples of this method are,

let arrayIntegersOriginal1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegersOriginal2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegersOriginal3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let arrayIntegers1 = arrayIntegersOriginal1.splice(0,2); // returns [1, 2]; original array: [3, 4, 5]
let arrayIntegers2 = arrayIntegersOriginal2.splice(3); // returns [4, 5]; original array: [1, 2, 3]
let arrayIntegers3 = arrayIntegersOriginal3.splice(3, 1, "a", "b", "c"); //returns [4]; original array: [1, 2, 3, "a", "b", "c", 5]

Note: Splice method modifies the original array and returns the deleted array.

7. What is the difference between slice and splice?

Some of the major difference in a tabular form

8. How do you compare Object and Map?

Objects are similar to Maps in that both let you set keys to values, retrieve those values, delete keys, and detect whether something is stored at a key. Due to this reason, Objects have been used as Maps historically. But there are important differences that make using a Map preferable in certain cases.

1. The keys of an Object are Strings and Symbols, whereas they can be any value for a Map, including functions, objects, and any primitive.

2. The keys in Map are ordered while keys added to object are not. Thus, when iterating over it, a Map object returns keys in order of insertion.

3. You can get the size of a Map easily with the size property, while the number of properties in an Object must be determined manually.

4. A Map is an iterable and can thus be directly iterated, whereas iterating over an Object requires obtaining its keys in some fashion and iterating over them.

5. An Object has a prototype, so there are default keys in the map that could collide with your keys if you're not careful. As of ES5 this can be bypassed by using map = Object.create(null), but this is seldom done.

6. A Map may perform better in scenarios involving frequent addition and removal of key pairs.

7. What is the difference between == and === operators?

JavaScript provides both strict(===, !==) and type-converting(==, !=) equality comparison. The strict operators takes type of variable in consideration, while non-strict operators make type correction/conversion based upon values of variables. The strict operators follow the below conditions for different types,

1. Two strings are strictly equal when they have the same sequence of characters, same length, and same characters in corresponding positions.
2. Two numbers are strictly equal when they are numerically equal. i.e, Having the same number value. There are two special cases in this,
   1. NaN is not equal to anything, including NaN.
   2. Positive and negative zeros are equal to one another.
3. Two Boolean operands are strictly equal if both are true or both are false.
4. Two objects are strictly equal if they refer to the same Object.
5. Null and Undefined types are not equal with ===, but equal with ==. i.e, null===undefined --> false but null==undefined --> true

Some of the example which covers the above cases

0 == false   // true
0 === false  // false
1 == "1"     // true
1 === "1"    // false
null == undefined // true
null === undefined // false
'0' == false // true
'0' === false // false
[]==[] or []===[] //false, refer different objects in memory
{}=={} or {}==={} //false, refer different objects in memory

10. What are lambda or arrow functions?

An arrow function is a shorter syntax for a function expression and does not have its own this, arguments, super, or new.target. These function are best suited for non-method functions, and they cannot be used as constructors.

11. What is a first class function?

In Javascript, functions are first class objects. First-class functions means when functions in that language are treated like any other variable. For example, in such a language, a function can be passed as an argument to other functions, can be returned by another function and can be assigned as a value to a variable. For example, in the below example, handler functions assigned to a listener

const handler = () => console.log ('This is a click handler function');
document.addEventListener ('click', handler);

12. What is a first order function?

First-order function is a function that doesn’t accept other function as an argument and doesn’t return a function as its return value.

const firstOrder = () => console.log ('Iam a first order functionn!');

13. What is a higher order function?

Higher-order function is a function that accepts other function as an argument or returns a function as a return value.

const firstOrderFunc = () => console.log ('Hello I'am a First order function');
const higherOrder = ReturnFirstOrderFunc => ReturnFirstOrderFunc ();
higherOrder (firstOrderFunc);

14. What is a unary function?

Unary function (i.e. monadic) is a function that accepts exactly one argument. Let us take an example of unary function. It stands for single argument accepted by a function.

const unaryFunction = a => console.log (a + 10); //Add 10 to the given argument and display the value

15. What is currying function?

Currying is the process of taking a function with multiple arguments and turning it into a sequence of functions each with only a single argument. Currying is named after a mathematician Haskell Curry. By applying currying, a n-ary function turns it into a unary function. Let's take an example of n-ary function and how it turns into a currying function

const multiArgFunction = (a, b, c) => a + b + c;
const curryUnaryFunction = a => b => c => a + b + c;
curryUnaryFunction (1); // returns a function: b => c =>  1 + b + c
curryUnaryFunction (1) (2); // returns a function: c => 3 + c
curryUnaryFunction (1) (2) (3); // returns the number 6

Curried functions are great to improve code re-usability and functional composition.

16. What is a pure function?

A Pure function is a function where the return value is only determined by its arguments without any side effects. i.e, If you call a function with the same arguments 'n' number of times and 'n' number of places in the application then it will always return the same value. Let's take an example to see the difference between pure and impure functions,

//Impure
let numberArray = [];
const impureAddNumber = number => numberArray.push (number);
//Pure
const pureAddNumber = number => argNumberArray =>
  argNumberArray.concat ([number]);

//Display the results
console.log (impureAddNumber (6)); // returns 6
console.log (numberArray); // returns [6]
console.log (pureAddNumber (7) (numberArray)); // returns [6, 7]
console.log (numberArray); // returns [6]

As per above code snippets, Push function is impure itself by altering the array and returning an push number index which is independent of parameter value. Whereas Concat on the other hand takes the array and concatenates it with the other array producing a whole new array without side effects. Also, the return value is a concatenation of previous array. Remember that Pure functions are important as they simplify unit testing without any side effects and no need for dependency injection. They also avoid tight coupling and makes harder to break your application by not having any side effects. These principles are coming together with Immutability concept of ES6 by giving preference to const over let usage.

17. What is the purpose of let keyword?

The let statement declares a block scope local variable. Hence the variables defined with let keyword are limited in scope to the block, statement, or expression on which it is used. Whereas variables declared with the var keyword used to define a variable globally, or locally to an entire function regardless of block scope. Let's take an example to demonstrate the usage,

let counter = 30;
if (counter === 30) {
  let counter = 31;
  console.log(counter); // 31
}
console.log(counter); // 30 (because if block variable won't exist here)

18. What is the difference between let and var?

You can list out the differences in a tabular format

Let's take an example to see the difference,

function userDetails(username) {
   if(username) {
     console.log(salary); // undefined(due to hoisting)
     console.log(age); // error: age is not defined
     let age = 30;
     var salary = 10000;
   }
   console.log(salary); //10000 (accessible to due function scope)
   console.log(age); //error: age is not defined(due to block scope)
}

19. What is the reason to choose the name let as keyword?

    Let is a mathematical statement that was adopted by early programming languages like Scheme and Basic. It has been borrowed from dozens of other languages that use let already as a traditional keyword as close to var as possible.

20. How do you redeclare variables in switch block without an error?

    If you try to redeclare variables in a switch block then it will cause errors because there is only one block. For example, the below code block throws a syntax error as below,

    let counter = 1;
    switch(x) {
      case 0:
        let name;
        break;
    
      case 1:
        let name; // SyntaxError for redeclaration.
        break;
    }

    To avoid this error, you can create a nested block inside a case clause will create a new block scoped lexical environment.

    let counter = 1;
        switch(x) {
          case 0: {
            let name;
            break;
          }
          case 1: {
            let name; // No SyntaxError for redeclaration.
            break;
          }
        }

21. What is Temporal Dead Zone?

    The Temporal Dead Zone is a behavior in JavaScript that occurs when declaring a variable with the let and const keywords, but not with var. In ECMAScript 6, accessing a let or const variable before its declaration (within its scope) causes a ReferenceError. The time span when that happens, between the creation of a variable’s binding and its declaration, is called the temporal dead zone. Let's see this behavior with an example,

    function somemethod() {
      console.log(counter1); // undefined
      console.log(counter2); // ReferenceError
      var counter1 = 1;
      let counter2 = 2;
    }

22. What is IIFE(Immediately Invoked Function Expression)?

    IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) is a JavaScript function that runs as soon as it is defined. The signature of it would be as below,

    (function ()
        {
          // logic here
        }
     )
    ();

    The primary reason to use an IIFE is to obtain data privacy because any variables declared within the IIFE cannot be accessed by the outside world. i.e, If you try to access variables with IIFE then it throws an error as below,

    (function ()
            {
              var message = "IIFE";
              console.log(message);
            }
     )
    ();
    console.log(message); //Error: message is not defined

23. What is the benefit of using modules?

    There are a lot of benefits to using modules in favour of a sprawling. Some of the benefits are,

    1. Maintainablity
    2. Reusability
    3. Namespacing

24. What is memoization?

    Memoization is a programming technique which attempts to increase a function’s performance by caching its previously computed results. Each time a memoized function is called, its parameters are used to index the cache. If the data is present, then it can be returned, without executing the entire function. Otherwise the function is executed and then the result is added to the cache. Let's take an example of adding function with memoization,

    const memoizAddition = () => {
      let cache = {};
     return (value) => {
      if (value in cache) {
       console.log('Fetching from cache');
       return cache.value;
      }
      else {
       console.log('Calculating result');
       let result = value + 20;
       cache[value] = result;
       return result;
      }
     }
    }
    // returned function from memoizAddition
    const addition = memoizAddition();
    console.log(addition(20)); //output: 40 calculated
    console.log(addition(20)); //output: 40 cached

25. What is Hoisting?

    Hoisting is a JavaScript mechanism where variables and function declarations are moved to the top of their scope before code execution. Remember that JavaScript only hoists declarations, not initialisation. Let's take a simple example of variable hoisting,

    console.log(message); //output : undefined
    var message = ’The variable Has been hoisted’;

    The above code looks like as below to the interpreter,

    var message;
    console.log(message);
    message = ’The variable Has been hoisted’;

26. What are classes in ES6?

    In ES6, Javascript classes are primarily syntactical sugar over JavaScript’s existing prototype-based inheritance. For example, the prototype based inheritance written in function expression as below,

    function Bike(model,color) {
        this.model = model;
        this.color = color;
    }
    
    Bike.prototype.getDetails = function() {
        return this.model+ ' bike has' + this.color+ ' color';
    };

    Whereas ES6 classes can be defined as an alternative

    class Bike{
      constructor(color, model) {
        this.color= color;
        this.model= model;
      }
    }

27. What are closures?

    A closure is the combination of a function and the lexical environment within which that function was declared. i.e, It is an inner function that has access to the outer or enclosing function’s variables. The closure has three scope chains

    1. Own scope where variables defined between its curly brackets
    2. Outer function’s variables
    3. Global variables Let's take an example of closure concept,

    function Welcome(name){
      var greetingInfo = function(message){
       console.log(message+' '+name);
      }
    return greetingInfo;
    }
    var myFunction = Welcome('John');
    myFunction('Welcome '); //Output: Welcome John
    myFunction('Hello Mr.'); //output: Hello Mr.John

    As per the above code, the inner function(greetingInfo) has access to the variables in the outer function scope(Welcome) even after outer function has returned.

28. What are modules?

    Modules refers small units of independent, reusable code and also act as foundation of many JavaScript design patterns. Most of the JavaScript modules export an object literal, a function, or a constructor

29. Why do you need modules?

    Below are the list of benefits using modules in javascript ecosystem

    1. Maintainablity
    2. Reusability
    3. Namespacing

30. What is scope in javascript?

    Scope is the accessibility of variables, functions, and objects in some particular part of your code during runtime. In other words, scope determines the visibility of variables and other resources in areas of your code.

31. What is a service worker?

    A Service worker is basically a script (JavaScript file) that runs in background, separate from a web page and provide features that don't need a web page or user interaction. Some of the major features of service workers are Rich offline experiences(offline first web application development), periodic background syncs, push notifications, intercept and handle network requests and programmatically managing a cache of responses.

32. How do you manipulate DOM using service worker?

    Service worker can't access the DOM directly. But it can communicate with the pages it controls by responding to messages sent via the postMessage interface, and those pages can manipulate the DOM.

33. How do you reuse information across service worker restarts?

    The problem with service worker is that it get terminated when not in use, and restarted when it's next needed, so you cannot rely on global state within a service worker's onfetch and onmessage handlers. In this case, service workers will have access to IndexedDB API in order to persist and reuse across restarts.

34. What is IndexedDB?

    IndexedDB is a low-level API for client-side storage of larger amounts of structured data, including files/blobs. This API uses indexes to enable high-performance searches of this data.

35. What is web storage?

    Web storage is an API that provides a mechanism by which browsers can store key/value pairs locally within the user's browser, in a much more intuitive fashion than using cookies. The web storage provides two mechanisms for storing data on the client.

    1. Local storage: It stores data for current origin with no expiration date.
    2. Session storage: It stores data for one session and the data is lost when the browser tab is closed.

36. What is a post message?

    Post message is a method that enables cross-origin communication between Window objects.(i.e, between a page and a pop-up that it spawned, or between a page and an iframe embedded within it). Generally, scripts on different pages are allowed to access each other if and only if the pages follow same-origin policy(i.e, pages share the same protocol, port number, and host).

37. What is a Cookie?

    A cookie is a piece of data that is stored on your computer to be accessed by your browser. Cookies are saved as key/value pairs. For example, you can create a cookie named username as below,

    document.cookie = "username=John";

38. Why do you need a Cookie?

    Cookies are used to remember information about the user profile(such as username). It basically involves two steps,

    1. When a user visits a web page, user profile can be stored in a cookie.
    2. Next time the user visits the page, the cookie remembers user profile.

39. What are the options in a cookie?

    There are few below options available for a cookie,

    1. By default, the cookie is deleted when the browser is closed but you can change this behavior by setting expiry date (in UTC time).

    document.cookie = "username=John expires=Sat, 8 Jun 2019 12:00:00 UTC";

    2. By default, the cookie belongs to a current page. But you can tell the browser what path the cookie belongs to using a path parameter.

    document.cookie = "username=John path=/services";

40. How do you delete a cookie?

    You can delete a cookie by setting the expiry date as a passed date. You don't need to specify a cookie value in this case. For example, you can delete a username cookie in the current page as below.

    document.cookie = "username=; expires=Fri, 07 Jun 2019 00:00:00 UTC; path=/;";

    Note: You should define the cookie path option to ensure that you delete the right cookie. Some browsers doesn't allow to delete a cookie unless you specify a path parameter.

41. What are the differences between cookie, local storage and session storage?

    Below are some of the differences between cookie, local storage and session storage,

    Feature	Cookie	Local storage	Session storage
    Accessed on client or server side	Both server-side & client-side	client-side only	client-side only
    Lifetime	As configured using Expires option	until deleted	until tab is closed
    SSL support	Supported	Not supported	Not supported
    Maximum data size	4KB	5 MB	5MB

42. What is the main difference between localStorage and sessionStorage?

    LocalStorage is same as SessionStorage but it persists the data even when the browser is closed and reopened(i.e it has no expiration time) whereas in sessionStorage data gets cleared when the page session ends.

43. How do you access web storage?

    The Window object implements the WindowLocalStorage and WindowSessionStorage objects which has localStorage(window.localStorage) and sessionStorage(window.sessionStorage) properties respectively. These properties create an instance of the Storage object, through which data items can be set, retrieved and removed for a specific domain and storage type (session or local). For example, you can read and write on local storage objects as below

    localStorage.setItem('logo', document.getElementById('logo').value);
    localStorage.getItem('logo');

44. What are the methods available on session storage?

    The session storage provided methods for reading, writing and clearing the session data

    // Save data to sessionStorage
    sessionStorage.setItem('key', 'value');
    
    // Get saved data from sessionStorage
    let data = sessionStorage.getItem('key');
    
    // Remove saved data from sessionStorage
    sessionStorage.removeItem('key');
    
    // Remove all saved data from sessionStorage
    sessionStorage.clear();

45. What is a storage event and its event handler?

    The StorageEvent is an event that fires when a storage area has been changed in the context of another document. Whereas onstorage property is an EventHandler for processing storage events. The syntax would be as below

     window.onstorage = functionRef;

    Let's take the example usage of onstorage event handler which logs the storage key and it's values

    window.onstorage = function(e) {
      console.log('The ' + e.key +
        ' key has been changed from ' + e.oldValue +
        ' to ' + e.newValue + '.');
    };

46. Why do you need web storage?

    Web storage is more secure, and large amounts of data can be stored locally, without affecting website performance. Also, the information is never transferred to the server. Hence this is recommended approach than Cookies.

47. How do you check web storage browser support?

    You need to check browser support for localStorage and sessionStorage before using web storage,

    if (typeof(Storage) !== "undefined") {
      // Code for localStorage/sessionStorage.
    } else {
      // Sorry! No Web Storage support..
    }

48. How do you check web workers browser support?

    You need to check browser support for web workers before using it

    if (typeof(Worker) !== "undefined") {
      // code for Web worker support.
    } else {
      // Sorry! No Web Worker support..
    }

49. Give an example of web worker?

    You need to follow below steps to start using web workers for counting example

    1. Create a Web Worker File: You need to write a script to increment the count value. Let's name it as counter.js

    let i = 0;
    
    function timedCount() {
      i = i + 1;
      postMessage(i);
      setTimeout("timedCount()",500);
    }
    
    timedCount();

    Here postMessage() method is used to post a message back to the HTML page 2. Create a Web Worker Object: You can create a web worker object by checking for browser support. Let's name this file as web_worker_example.js

    if (typeof(w) == "undefined") {
      w = new Worker("counter.js");
    }

    and we can receive messages from web worker

    w.onmessage = function(event){
      document.getElementById("message").innerHTML = event.data;
    };

    3. Terminate a Web Worker: Web workers will continue to listen for messages (even after the external script is finished) until it is terminated. You can use terminate() method to terminate listening the messages.

    w.terminate();

    4. Reuse the Web Worker: If you set the worker variable to undefined you can reuse the code

    w = undefined;

50. What are the restrictions of web workers on DOM?

    WebWorkers don't have access to below javascript objects since they are defined in an external files

    1. Window object
    2. Document object
    3. Parent object

51. What is a promise?

    A promise is an object that may produce a single value some time in the future with either a resolved value or a reason that it’s not resolved(for example, network error). It will be in one of the 3 possible states: fulfilled, rejected, or pending. The syntax of promise would be as below

    const promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
      // promise description
    })

52. Why do you need a promise?

    Promises are used to handle asynchronous operations. They provide an alternative approach for callbacks by reducing the callback hell and writing the cleaner code.

53. What are the three states of promise?

    Promises have three states:

    1. Pending: This is an initial state of the Promise before an operation begins
    2. Fulfilled: This state indicates that specified operation was completed.
    3. Rejected: This state indicates that the operation did not complete. In this case an error value will be thrown.

54. What is a callback function?

    A callback function is a function passed into another function as an argument. This function is invoked inside the outer function to complete an action. Let's take a simple example of how to use callback function

    function callbackFunction(name) {
      console.log('Hello ' + name);
    }
    
    function outerFunction(callback) {
      let name = prompt('Please enter your name.');
      callback(name);
    }
    
    outerFunction(callbackFunction);

55. Why do we need callbacks?

    The callbacks are needed because javascript is a event driven language. That means instead of waiting for a response javascript will keep executing while listening for other events. Let's take an example with first function invoking an API call(simulated by setTimeout) and next function which logs the message.

    function firstFunction(){
      // Simulate a code delay
      setTimeout( function(){
        console.log('First function called');
      }, 1000 );
    }
    function secondFunction(){
      console.log('Second function called');
    }
    firstFunction();
    secondFunction();
    
    Output
    // Second function called
    // First function called

    As observed from the output, javascript didn't wait for the response of first function and remaining code block get executed. So callbacks used in a way to make sure that certain code doesn’t execute until other code finished execution.

56. What is a callback hell?

    Callback Hell is an anti-pattern with multiple nested callbacks which makes code hard to read and debug when dealing with asynchronous logic. The callback hell looks like below,

    async1(function(){
        async2(function(){
            async3(function(){
                async4(function(){
                    ....
                });
            });
        });
    });

57. What is server-sent events?

    Server-sent events (SSE) is a server push technology enabling a browser to receive automatic updates from a server via HTTP connection without resorting to polling. These are a one way communications channel - events flow from server to client only. This is been used in Facebook/Twitter updates, stock price updates, news feeds etc.

58. How do you receive server-sent event notifications?

    The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event notifications. For example, you can receive messages from server as below,

    if(typeof(EventSource) !== "undefined") {
      var source = new EventSource("sse_generator.js");
      source.onmessage = function(event) {
        document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += event.data + "<br>";
      };
    }

59. How do you check browser support for server-sent events?

    You can perform browser support for server-sent events before using it as below,

    if(typeof(EventSource) !== "undefined") {
      // Server-sent events supported. Let's have some code here!
    } else {
      // No server-sent events supported
    }

60. What are the events available for server sent events?

    Below are the list of events available for server sent events

    Event	Description
    onopen	It is used when a connection to the server is opened
    onmessage	This event is used when a message is received
    onerror	It happens when an error occurs

61. What are the main rules of promise?

    A promise must follow a specific set of rules,

    1. A promise is an object that supplies a standard-compliant .then() method
    2. A pending promise may transition into either fulfilled or rejected state
    3. A fulfilled or rejected promise is settled and it must not transition into any other state.
    4. Once a promise is settled, the value must not change.

62. What is callback in callback?

    You can nest one callback inside in another callback to execute the actions sequentially one by one. This is known as callbacks in callbacks.

    loadScript('/script1.js', function(script) {
       console.log('first script is loaded');
    
      loadScript('/script2.js', function(script) {
    
        console.log('second script is loaded');
    
        loadScript('/script3.js', function(script) {
    
            console.log('third script is loaded');
          // after all scripts are loaded
        });
    
      })
    
    });

63. What is promise chaining?

    The process of executing a sequence of asynchronous tasks one after another using promises is known as Promise chaining. Let's take an example of promise chaining for calculating the final result,

    new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
    
      setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 1000);
    
    }).then(function(result) {
    
      console.log(result); // 1
      return result * 2;
    
    }).then(function(result) {
    
      console.log(result); // 2
      return result * 3;
    
    }).then(function(result) {
    
      console.log(result); // 6
      return result * 4;
    
    });

    In the above handlers, the result is passed to the chain of .then() handlers with the below work flow,

    1. The initial promise resolves in 1 second,
    2. After that .then handler is called by logging the result(1) and then return a promise with the value of result * 2.
    3. After that the value passed to the next .then handler by logging the result(2) and return a promise with result * 3.
    4. Finally the value passed to the last .then handler by logging the result(6) and return a promise with result * 4.

64. What is promise.all?

    Promise.all is a promise that takes an array of promises as an input (an iterable), and it gets resolved when all the promises get resolved or any one of them gets rejected. For example, the syntax of promise.all method is below,

    Promise.all([Promise1, Promise2, Promise3]) .then(result) => {   console.log(result) }) .catch(error => console.log(`Error in promises ${error}`))

    Note: Remember that the order of the promises(output the result) is maintained as per input order.

65. What is the purpose of race method in promise?

    Promise.race() method will return the promise instance which is firstly resolved or rejected. Let's take an example of race() method where promise2 is resolved first

    var promise1 = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
        setTimeout(resolve, 500, 'one');
    });
    var promise2 = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
        setTimeout(resolve, 100, 'two');
    });
    
    Promise.race([promise1, promise2]).then(function(value) {
      console.log(value); // "two" // Both promises will resolve, but promise2 is faster
    });

66. What is a strict mode in javascript?

    Strict Mode is a new feature in ECMAScript 5 that allows you to place a program, or a function, in a “strict” operating context. This way it prevents certain actions from being taken and throws more exceptions. The literal expression “use strict”; instructs the browser to use the javascript code in the Strict mode.

67. Why do you need strict mode?

    Strict mode is useful to write "secure" JavaScript by notifying "bad syntax" into real errors. For example, it eliminates accidentally creating a global variable by throwing an error and also throws an error for assignment to a non-writable property, a getter-only property, a non-existing property, a non-existing variable, or a non-existing object.

68. How do you declare strict mode?

    The strict mode is declared by adding "use strict"; to the beginning of a script or a function. If declare at the beginning of a script, it has global scope.

    "use strict";
    x = 3.14; // This will cause an error because x is not declared

    and if you declare inside a function, it has local scope

    x = 3.14;       // This will not cause an error.
    myFunction();
    
    function myFunction() {
      "use strict";
      y = 3.14;   // This will cause an error
    }

69. What is the purpose of double exclamation?

    The double exclamation or negation(!!) ensures the resulting type is a boolean. If it was falsey (e.g. 0, null, undefined, etc.), it will be false, otherwise, true. For example, you can test IE version using this expression as below,

    let isIE8 = false;
    isIE8 = !! navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE 8.0/);
    console.log(isIE8); // returns true or false

    If you don't use this expression then it returns the original value.

    console.log(navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE 8.0/));  // returns either an Array or null

    Note: The expression !! is not an operator, but it is just twice of ! operator.

70. What is the purpose of delete operator?

    The delete keyword is used to delete the property as well as its value.

    var user= {name: "John", age:20};
    delete user.age;
    
    console.log(user); // {name: "John"}

71. What is typeof operator?

    You can use the JavaScript typeof operator to find the type of a JavaScript variable. It returns the type of a variable or an expression.

    typeof "John Abraham"     // Returns "string"
    typeof (1 + 2)        // Returns "number"

72. What is undefined property?

    The undefined property indicates that a variable has not been assigned a value, or not declared at all. The type of undefined value is undefined too.

    var user;    // Value is undefined, type is undefined
    console.log(typeof(user)) //undefined

    Any variable can be emptied by setting the value to undefined.

    user = undefined

73. What is null value?

    The value null represents the intentional absence of any object value. It is one of JavaScript's primitive values. The type of null value is object. You can empty the variable by setting the value to null.

    var user = null;
    console.log(typeof(user)) //object

74. What is the difference between null and undefined?

    Below are the main differences between null and undefined,

    Null	Undefined
    It is an assignment value which indicates that variable points to no object.	It is not an assignment value where a variable has been declared but has not yet been assigned a value.
    Type of null is object	Type of undefined is undefined
    The null value is a primitive value that represents the null, empty, or non-existent reference.	The undefined value is a primitive value used when a variable has not been assigned a value.
    Indicates the absence of a value for a variable	Indicates absence of variable itself
    Converted to zero (0) while performing primitive operations	Converted to NaN while performing primitive operations

75. What is eval?

    The eval() function evaluates JavaScript code represented as a string. The string can be a JavaScript expression, variable, statement, or sequence of statements.

    console.log(eval('1 + 2')); //  3

76. What is the difference between window and document?

    Below are the main differences between window and document,

    Window	Document
    It is the root level element in any web page	It is the direct child of the window object. This is also known as Document Object Model(DOM)
    By default window object is available implicitly in the page	You can access it via window.document or document.
    It has methods like alert(), confirm() and properties like document, location	It provides methods like getElementById, getElementByTagName, createElement etc

77. How do you access history in javascript?

    The window.history object contains the browsers history. You can load previous and next URLs in the history using back() and next() methods.

    function goBack() {
      window.history.back()
    }
    function goForward() {
      window.history.forward()
    }

    Note: You can also access history without window prefix.

78. What are the javascript data types?

    Below are the list of javascript data types available

    1. Number
    2. String
    3. Boolean
    4. Object
    5. Undefined

79. What is isNaN?

    The isNaN() function is used to determine whether a value is an illegal number (Not-a-Number) or not. i.e, This function returns true if the value equates to NaN. Otherwise it returns false.

    isNaN('Hello') //true
    isNaN('100') //false

80. What are the differences between undeclared and undefined variables?

    Below are the major differences between undeclared and undefined variables,

    undeclared	undefined
    These variables do not exist in a program and are not declared	These variables declared in the program but have not assigned any value
    If you try to read the value of an undeclared variable, then a runtime error is encountered	If you try to read the value of an undefined variable, an undefined value is returned.

81. What are global variables?

    Global variables are those that are available throughout the length of the code without any scope. The var keyword is used to declare a local variable but if you omit it then it will become global variable

    msg = "Hello" // var is missing, it becomes global variable

82. What are the problems with global variables?

    The problem with global variables is the conflict of variable names of local and global scope. It is also difficult to debug and test the code that relies on global variables.

83. What is NaN property?

    The NaN property is a global property that represents "Not-a-Number" value. i.e, It indicates that a value is not a legal number. It is very rare to use NaN in a program but it can be used as return value for few cases

    Math.sqrt(-1)
    parseInt("Hello")

84. What is the purpose of isFinite function?

    The isFinite() function is used to determine whether a number is a finite, legal number. It returns false if the value is +infinity, -infinity, or NaN (Not-a-Number), otherwise it returns true.

    isFinite(Infinity);  // false
    isFinite(NaN);       // false
    isFinite(-Infinity); // false
    
    isFinite(100);         // true

85. What is an event flow?

    Event flow is the order in which event is received on the web page. When you click an element that is nested in various other elements, before your click actually reaches its destination, or target element, it must trigger the click event each of its parent elements first, starting at the top with the global window object. There are two ways of event flow

    1. Top to Bottom(Event Capturing)
    2. Bottom to Top (Event Bubbling)

86. What is event bubbling?

    Event bubbling is a type of event propagation where the event first triggers on the innermost target element, and then successively triggers on the ancestors (parents) of the target element in the same nesting hierarchy till it reaches the outermost DOM element.

87. What is event capturing?

    Event bubbling is a type of event propagation where the event is first captured by the outermost element and , and then successively triggers on the descendants (children) of the target element in the same nesting hierarchy till it reaches the inner DOM element.

88. How do you submit a form using JavaScript?

    You can submit a form using JavaScript use document.form[0].submit(). All the form input's information is submitted using onsubmit event handler

    function submit() {
        document.form[0].submit();
    }

89. How do you find operating system details?

    The window.navigator object contains information about the visitor's browser os details. Some of the OS properties are avaialble under platform property,

    console.log(navigator.platform);

90. What is the difference between document load and DOMContentLoaded events?

    The DOMContentLoaded event is fired when the initial HTML document has been completely loaded and parsed, without waiting for assets(stylesheets, images, and subframes) to finish loading. Whereas The load event is fired when the whole page has loaded, including all dependent resources(stylesheets, images).

91. What is the difference between native, host and user objects?

    Native objects are objects that are part of the JavaScript language defined by the ECMAScript specification. For example, String, Math, RegExp, Object, Function etc core objects defined in the ECMAScript spec. Host objects are objects provided by the browser or runtime environment (Node). For example, window, XmlHttpRequest, DOM nodes etc considered as host objects. User objects are objects defined in the javascript code. For example, User object created for profile information.

92. What are the tools or techniques used for debugging JavaScript code?

    You can use below tools or techniques for debugging javascript

    1. Chrome Devtools
    2. debugger statement
    3. Good old console.log statement

93. What are the pros and cons of promises over callbacks?

    Below are the list of pros and cons of promises over callbacks, Pros:

    1. It avoids callback hell which is unreadable
    2. Easy to write sequential asynchronous code with .then()
    3. Easy to write parallel asynchronous code with Promise.all()
    4. Solves some of the common problems of callbacks(call the callback too late, too early, many times and swallow errors/exceptions)

    Cons:

    1. It makes little complex code
    2. You need to load a polyfill if ES6 is not supported

94. What is the difference between an attribute and a property?

    Attributes are defined on the HTML markup whereas properties are defined on the DOM. For example, the below HTML element has 2 attributes type and value,

    <input type="text" value="Name:">

    You can retrieve the attribute value as below,

    const input = document.querySelector('input');
    console.log(input.getAttribute('value')); // Good morning
    console.log(input.value); // Good morning

    And after you change the value of the text field to "Good evening", it becomes like

    console.log(input.getAttribute('value')); // Good morning
    console.log(input.value); // Good evening

95. What is same-origin policy?

    The same-origin policy is a policy that prevents JavaScript from making requests across domain boundaries. An origin is defined as a combination of URI scheme, hostname, and port number. If you enable this policy then it prevents a malicious script on one page from obtaining access to sensitive data on another web page using Document Object Model(DOM).

96. What is the purpose of void 0?

    Void(0) is used to prevent the page from refreshing. This will be helpful to eliminate the unwanted side-effect, because it will return the undefined primitive value. It is commonly used for HTML document that uses href="JavaScript:Void(0);" within an element. i.e, when you click a link, the browser loads a new page or refreshes the same page. But this behavior will be prevented using this expression. For example, the below link notify the message without reloading the page

    <a href="JavaScript:void(0);" onclick="alert('Well done!')">Click Me!</a>

97. Is JavaScript a compiled or interpreted language?

    JavaScript is an interpreted language, not a compiled language. An interpreter in the browser reads over the JavaScript code, interprets each line, and runs it. Nowadays modern browsers use a technology known as Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation, which compiles JavaScript to executable bytecode just as it is about to run.

98. Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language?

    Yes, JavaScript is a case sensitive language. The language keywords, variables, function & object names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a consistent capitalization of letters.

99. Is there any relation between Java and JavaScript?

    No, they are entirely two different programming languages and has nothing to do with each other. But both of them are Object Oriented Programming languages and like many other languages, they follow similar syntax for basic features(if, else, for, switch, break, continue etc).

100. What are events?

     Events are "things" that happen to HTML elements. When JavaScript is used in HTML pages, JavaScript can react on these events. Some of the examples of HTML events are,

     1. Web page has finished loading
     2. Input field was changed
     3. Button was clicked

     Let's describe the behavior of click event for button element,

     <!doctype html>
     <html>
      <head>
        <script>
          function greeting() {
            alert('Hello! Good morning');
          }
        </script>
      </head>
      <body>
        <button type="button" onclick="greeting()">Click me</button>
      </body>
     </html>

101. Who created javascript?

     JavaScript was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 during his time at Netscape Communications. Initially it was developed under the name Mocha, but later the language was officially called LiveScript when it first shipped in beta releases of Netscape.

102. What is the use of preventDefault method?

     The preventDefault() method cancels the event if it is cancelable, meaning that the default action or behaviour that belongs to the event will not occur. For example, prevent form submission when clicking on submit button and prevent opening the page URL when clicking on hyper link are some common usecases.

     document.getElementById("link").addEventListener("click", function(event){
      event.preventDefault();
     });

     Note: Remember that not all events are cancelable.

103. What is the use of stopPropagation method?

     The stopPropagation method is used to stop the event from bubbling up the event chain. For example, the below nested divs with stopPropagation method prevents default event propagation when clicking on nested div(Div1)

     <p>Click DIV1 Element</p>
     <div onclick="secondFunc()">DIV 2
       <div onclick="firstFunc(event)">DIV 1</div>
     </div>
     
     <script>
     function firstFunc(event) {
       alert("DIV 1");
       event.stopPropagation();
     }
     
     function secondFunc() {
       alert("DIV 2");
     }
     </script>

104. What are the steps involved in return false usage?

     The return false statement in event handlers performs the below steps,

     1. First it stops the browser's default action or behaviour.
     2. It prevents the event from propagating the DOM
     3. Stops callback execution and returns immediately when called.

105. What is BOM?

     The Browser Object Model (BOM) allows JavaScript to "talk to" the browser. It consists of the objects navigator, history, screen, location and document which are children of window. The Browser Object Model is not standardized and can change based on different browsers.

106. What is the use of setTimeout?

     The setTimeout() method is used to call a function or evaluates an expression after a specified number of milliseconds. For example, let's log a message after 2 seconds using setTimeout method,

     setTimeout(function(){ console.log("Good morning"); }, 2000);

107. What is the use of setInterval?

     The setInterval() method is used to call a function or evaluates an expression at specified intervals (in milliseconds). For example, let's log a message after 2 seconds using setInterval method,

     setInterval(function(){ console.log("Good morning"); }, 2000);

108. Why is JavaScript treated as Single threaded?

     JavaScript is a single-threaded language. Because the language specification does not allow the programmer to write code so that the interpreter can run parts of it in parallel in multiple threads or processes. Whereas languages like java, go, C++ can make multi-threaded and multi-process programs.

109. What is an event delegation?

     Event delegation is a technique for listening to events where you delegate a parent element as the listener for all of the events that happen inside it. For example, if you wanted to detect field changes in inside a specific form, you can use event delegation technique,

     var form = document.querySelector('#registration-form');
     
     // Listen for changes to fields inside the form
     form.addEventListener('input', function (event) {
     
     	// Log the field that was changed
     	console.log(event.target);
     
     }, false);

110. What is ECMAScript?

     ECMAScript is the scripting language that forms the basis of JavaScript. ECMAScript standardized by the ECMA International standards organization in the ECMA-262 and ECMA-402 specifications. The first edition of ECMAScript was released in 1997.

111. What is JSON?

     JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight format that is used for data interchanging. It is based on a subset of JavaScript language in the way objects are built in JavaScript.

112. What are the syntax rules of JSON?

     Below are the list of syntax rules of JSON

     1. The data is in name/value pairs
     2. The data is separated by commas
     3. Curly braces hold objects
     4. Square brackets hold arrays

113. What is the purpose JSON stringify?

     When sending data to a web server, the data has to be in a string format. You can achieve this by converting JSON object into a string using stringify() method.

     var userJSON = {'name': 'John', age: 31}
     var userString = JSON.stringify(user);
     console.log(userString); //"{"name":"John","age":31}"

114. How do you parse JSON string?

     When receiving the data from a web server, the data is always in a string format. But you can convert this string value to javascript object using parse() method.

     var userString = '{"name":"John","age":31}';
     var userJSON = JSON.parse(userString);
     console.log(userJSON);// {name: "John", age: 31}

115. Why do you need JSON?

     When exchanging data between a browser and a server, the data can only be text. Since JSON is text only, it can easily be sent to and from a server, and used as a data format by any programming language.

116. What are PWAs?

     Progressive web applications (PWAs) are a type of mobile app delivered through the web, built using common web technologies including HTML, CSS and JavaScript. These PWAs are deployed to servers, accessible through URLs, and indexed by search engines.

117. What is the purpose of clearTimeout method?

     The clearTimeout() function is used in javascript to clear the timeout which has been set by setTimeout()function before that. i.e, The return value of setTimeout() function is stored in a variable and it’s passed into the clearTimeout() function to clear the timer. For example, the below setTimeout method is used to display the message after 3 seconds. This timeout can be cleared by clearTimeout() method.

     <script>
     var msg;
     function greeting() {
        alert('Good morning');
     }
     function start() {
       msg =setTimeout(greeting, 3000);
     
     }
     
     function stop() {
         clearTimeout(msg);
     }
     </script>

118. What is the purpose of clearInterval method?

     The clearInterval() function is used in javascript to clear the interval which has been set by setInterval() function. i.e, The return value returned by setInterval() function is stored in a variable and it’s passed into the clearInterval() function to clear the interval. For example, the below setInterval method is used to display the message for every 3 seconds. This interval can be cleared by clearInterval() method.

     <script>
     var msg;
     function greeting() {
        alert('Good morning');
     }
     function start() {
       msg = setInterval(greeting, 3000);
     
     }
     
     function stop() {
         clearInterval(msg);
     }
     </script>

119. How do you redirect new page in javascript?

     In vanilla javascript, you can redirect to a new page using location property of window object. The syntax would be as follows,

     function redirect() {
        window.location.href = 'newPage.html';
     }

120. How do you check whether a string contains a substring?

     There are 3 possible ways to check whether a string contains a substring or not,

     1. Using includes: ES6 provided String.prototype.includes method to test a string contains a substring

     var mainString = "hello", subString = "hell";
     mainString.includes(subString)

     2. Using indexOf: In an ES5 or older environments, you can use String.prototype.indexOf which returns the index of a substring. If the index value is not equal to -1 then it means the substring exist in the main string.

     var mainString = "hello", subString = "hell";
     mainString.indexOf(subString) !== -1

     3. Using RegEx: The advanced solution is using Regular expression's test method(RegExp.test), which allows for testing for against regular expressions

     var mainString = "hello", regex = "/hell/";
     regex.test(mainString)

121. How do you validate an email in javascript?

     You can validate an email in javascript using regular expressions. It is recommended to do validations on the server side instead client side. Because the javascript can be disabled on the client side.

     function validateEmail(email) {
         var re = /^(([^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+(\.[^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+)*)|(".+"))@((\[[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\])|(([a-zA-Z\-0-9]+\.)+[a-zA-Z]{2,}))$/;
         return re.test(String(email).toLowerCase());
     }

     The above regular expression regular accepts unicode characters.

122. How do you get the current url with javascript?

     You can use window.location.href expression to get the current url path and you can use the same expression for updating the URL too. You can also use document.URL for read-only purpose but this solution has issues in FF.

     console.log('location.href', window.location.href); // Returns full URL

123. What are the various url properties of location object?

     The below Location object properties can be used to access URL components of the page,

     1. href - The entire URL
     2. protocol - The protocol of the URL
     3. host - The hostname and port of the URL
     4. hostname - The hostname of the URL
     5. port - The port number in the URL
     6. pathname - The path name of the URL
     7. search - The query portion of the URL
     8. hash - The anchor portion of the URL

124. How do get query string values in javascript?

     You can use URLSearchParams to get query string values in javascript. Let's see an example to get the client code value from URL query string,

     const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
     const clientCode = urlParams.get('clientCode');

125. How do you check if a key exists in an object?

     You can check whether a key exists in an object or not using two approaches,

     1. ** Using in operator:** You can use the in operator whether a key exists in an object or not

     "key" in obj

     and If you want to check if a key doesn't exist, remember to use parenthesis,

     !("key" in obj)

     2. ** Using hasOwnProperty method:** You can use hasOwnProperty to particularly test for properties of the object instance (and not inherited properties)

     obj.hasOwnProperty("key") // true

126. How do you loop through or enumerate javascript object?

     You can use the for-in loop to loop through javascript object. You can also make sure that the key you get is an actual property of an object, and doesn't come from the prototype using hasOwnProperty method.

     var object = {
         "k1": "value1",
         "k2": "value2",
         "k3": "value3"
     };
     
     for (var key in object) {
         if (object.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
             console.log(key + " -> " + object[key]); // k1 -> value1 ...
         }
     }

127. How do you test for an empty object?

     There are different solutions based on ECMAScript versions

     1. Using Object entries(ECMA 7+): You can use object entries length along with constructor type.

     Object.entries(obj).length === 0 && obj.constructor === Object // Since date object length is 0, you need to check constructor check as well

     2. Using Object keys(ECMA 5+): You can use object keys length along with constructor type.

     Object.keys(obj).length === 0 && obj.constructor === Object // Since date object length is 0, you need to check constructor check as well

     3. Using for-in with hasOwnProperty(Pre-ECMA 5): You can use for-in loop along with hasOwnProperty.

     function isEmpty(obj) {
       for(var prop in obj) {
         if(obj.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
           return false;
         }
       }
     
       return JSON.stringify(obj) === JSON.stringify({});
     }

128. What is an arguments object?

     The arguments object is an Array-like object accessible inside functions that contains the values of the arguments passed to that function. For example, let's see how to use arguments object inside sum function,

     function sum() {
         var total = 0;
         for (var i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; ++i) {
             total += arguments[i];
         }
         return total;
     }
     
     sum(1, 2, 3) // returns 6

129. How do you make first letter of the string in an uppercase?

     You can create a function which uses chain of string methods such as charAt, toUpperCase and slice methods to generate a string with first letter in uppercase.

     function capitalizeFirstLetter(string) {
         return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1);
     }

130. What are the pros and cons of for loop?

     The for-loop is a commonly used iteration syntax in javascript. It has both pros and cons Pros

     1. Works on every environment
     2. You can use break and continue flow control statements Cons
     3. Too verbose
     4. Imperative
     5. You might face one-by-off errors

131. How do you display the current date in javascript?

     You can use new Date() to generate a new Date object containing the current date and time. For example, let's display the current date in mm/dd/yyyy

     var today = new Date();
     var dd = String(today.getDate()).padStart(2, '0');
     var mm = String(today.getMonth() + 1).padStart(2, '0'); //January is 0!
     var yyyy = today.getFullYear();
     
     today = mm + '/' + dd + '/' + yyyy;
     document.write(today);

132. How do you compare two date objects?

     You need to use use date.getTime() method to compare date values instead comparision operators (==, !=, ===, and !== operators)

     var d1 = new Date();
     var d2 = new Date(d1);
     console.log(d1.getTime() === d2.getTime()); //True
     console.log(d1 === d2); // False

133. How do you check if a string starts with another string?

     You can use ECMAScript 6's String.prototype.startsWith() method to check a string starts with another string or not. But it is not yet supported in all browsers. Let's see an example to see this usage,

     "Good morning".startsWith("Good"); // true
     "Good morning".startsWith("morning"); // false

134. How do you trim a string in javascript?

     JavaScript provided a trim method on string types to trim any whitespaces present at the begining or ending of the string.

     "  Hello World   ".trim(); //Hello World

     If your browser(<IE9) doesn't support this method then you can use below polyfill.

     if (!String.prototype.trim) {
         (function() {
             // Make sure we trim BOM and NBSP
             var rtrim = /^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g;
             String.prototype.trim = function() {
                 return this.replace(rtrim, '');
             };
         })();
     }

135. How do you add a key value pair in javascript?

     There are two possible solutions to add new properties to an object. Let's take a simple object to explain these solutions.

     var object = {
         key1: value1,
         key2: value2
     };

     1. Using dot notation: This solution is useful when you know the name of the property

     object.key3 = "value3";

     2. Using square bracket notation: This solution is useful when the name of the property is dynamically determined.

     obj["key3"] = "value3";

136. Is the !-- notation represents a special operator?

     No,that's not a special operator. But it is a combination of 2 standard operators one after the other,

     1. A logical not (!)
     2. A prefix decrement (--)

     At first, the value decremented by one and then tested to see if it is equal to zero or not for determining the truthy/falsy value.

137. How do you assign default values to variables?

     You can use the logical or operator || in an assignment expression to provide a default value. The syntax looks like as below,

     var a = b || c;

     As per the above expression, variable 'a 'will get the value of 'c' only if 'b' is falsy (if is null, false, undefined, 0, empty string, or NaN), otherwise 'a' will get the value of 'b'.

138. How do you define multiline strings?

     You can define multiline string literals using '' character followed by line terminator.

     var str = "This is a \
     very lengthy \
     sentence!";

     But if you have a space after the '' character, the code will look exactly the same, but it will raise a SyntaxError.

139. What is an app shell model?

     An application shell (or app shell) architecture is one way to build a Progressive Web App that reliably and instantly loads on your users' screens, similar to what you see in native applications. It is useful for getting some initial HTML to the screen fast without a network.

140. Can we define properties for functions?

     Yes, We can define properties for functions because functions are also objects.

     fn = function(x) {
        //Function code goes here
     }
     
     fn.name = "John";
     
     fn.profile = function(y) {
       //Profile code goes here
     }

141. What is the way to find the number of parameters expected by a function?

     You can use function.length syntax to find the number of parameters expected by a function. Let's take an example of sum function to calculate the sum of numbers,

     function sum(num1, num2, num3, num4){
         return num1 + num2 + num3 + num4;
     }
     sum.length // 4 is the number of parameters expected.

142. What is a polyfill?

     A polyfill is a piece of JS code used to provide modern functionality on older browsers that do not natively support it. For example, Silverlight plugin polyfill can be used to mimic the functionality of an HTML Canvas element on Microsoft Internet Explorer 7.

143. What are break and continue statements?

     The break statement is used to "jumps out" of a loop. i.e, It breaks the loop and continues executing the code after the loop.

     for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
       if (i === 5) { break; }
       text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
     }

     The continue statement is used to "jumps over" one iteration in the loop. i.e, It breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a specified condition occurs, and continues with the next iteration in the loop.

     for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
         if (i === 5) { continue; }
         text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
     }

144. What are js labels?

     The label statement allows us to name loops and blocks in JavaScript. We can then use these labels to refer back to the code later. For example, the below code with labels avoids printing the numbers when they are same,

     var i, j;
     
     loop1:
     for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
        loop2:
        for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
           if (i === j) {
              continue loop1;
           }
           console.log('i = ' + i + ', j = ' + j);
        }
     }
     
     // Output is:
     //   "i = 1, j = 0"
     //   "i = 2, j = 0"
     //   "i = 2, j = 1"

145. What are the benefits of keeping declarations at the top?

     It is recommended to keep all declarations at the top of each script or function. The benefits of doing this are,

     1. Gives cleaner code
     2. It provides a single place to look for local variables
     3. Easy to avoid unwanted global variables
     4. It reduces the possibility of unwanted re-declarations

146. What are the benefits of initializing variables?

     It is recommended to initialize variables because of the below benefits,

     1. It gives cleaner code
     2. It provides a single place to initialize variables
     3. Avoid undefined values in the code

147. What are the recommendations to create new object?

     It is recommended to avoid creating new objects using new Object(). Instead you can initialize values based on it's type to create the objects.

     1. Assign {} instead of new Object()
     2. Assign "" instead of new String()
     3. Assign 0 instead of new Number()
     4. Assign false instead of new Boolean()
     5. Assign [] instead of new Array()
     6. Assign /()/ instead of new RegExp()
     7. Assign function (){} instead of new Function()

     You can define them as an example,

     var v1 = {};
     var v2 = "";
     var v3 = 0;
     var v4 = false;
     var v5 = [];
     var v6 = /()/;
     var v7 = function(){};

148. How do you define JSON arrays?

     JSON arrays are written inside square brackets and array contain javascript objects. For example, the JSON array of users would be as below,

     "users":[
       {"firstName":"John", "lastName":"Abrahm"},
       {"firstName":"Anna", "lastName":"Smith"},
       {"firstName":"Shane", "lastName":"Warn"}
     ]

149. How do you generate random integers?

     You can use Math.random() with Math.floor() to return random integers. For example, if you want generate random integers between 1 to 10, the multiplication factor should be 10,

     Math.floor(Math.random() * 10) + 1;     // returns a random integer from 1 to 10
     Math.floor(Math.random() * 100) + 1;     // returns a random integer from 1 to 100

     Note: Math.random() returns a random number between 0 (inclusive), and 1 (exclusive)

150. Can you write a random integers function to print integers with in a range?

     Yes, you can create a proper random function to return a random number between min and max (both included)

     function randomInteger(min, max) {
       return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1) ) + min;
     }
     randomInteger(1, 100); // returns a random integer from 1 to 100
     randomInteger(1, 1000); // returns a random integer from 1 to 1000

151. What is tree shaking?

     Tree shaking is a form of dead code elimination. It means that unused modules will not be included in the bundle during the build process and for that it relies on the static structure of ES2015 module syntax,( i.e. import and export). Initially this has been popularized by the ES2015 module bundler rollup.

152. What is the need of tree shaking?

     Tree Shaking can significantly reduce the code size in any application. i.e, The less code we send over the wire the more performant the application will be. For example, if we just want to create a “Hello World” Application using SPA frameworks then it will take around few MBs, but by tree shaking it can bring down the size to just few hundred KBs. Tree shaking is been implemented in Rollup and Webpack bundlers.

153. Is it recommended to use eval?

     No, it allows arbitrary code to be run which casues a security problem. As we know that the eval() function is used to run text as code. In most of the cases, it should not be necessary to use it.

154. What is a Regular Expression?

     A regular expression is a sequence of characters that forms a search pattern. You can use this search pattern for searching data in a text. These can be used to perform all types of text search and text replace operations. Let's see the syntax format now,

     /pattern/modifiers;

     For example, the regular expression or search pattern with case-insensitive username would be,

     /John/i

155. What are the string methods available in Regular expression?

     Regular Expressions has two string methods: search() and replace(). The search() method uses an expression to search for a match, and returns the position of the match.

     var msg = "Hello John";
     var n = msg.search(/John/i); // 6

     The replace() method is used return a modified string where the pattern is replaced.

     var msg = "Hello John";
     var n = msg.search(/John/i, "Buttler"); // Hello Buttler

156. What are modifiers in regular expression?

     Modifiers can be used to perform case-insensitive and global searches. Let's list down some of the modifiers,

     Modifier	Description
     i	Perform case-insensitive matching
     g	Perform a global match rather than stops at first match
     m	Perform multiline matching

Let's take an example of global modifier,
```javascript
  var text = "Learn JS one by one";
  var pattern = /one/g;
  var result = text.match(pattern); // one,one
```

157. What are regular expression patterns?

     Regular Expressions provided group of patterns in order to match characters. Basically they are categorized into 3 types,

     1. Brackets: These are used to find a range of characters. For example, below are some use cases,
        1. [abc]: Used to find any of the characters between the brackets(a,b,c)
        2. [0-9]: Used to find any of the digits between the brackets
        3. (a|b): Used to find any of the alternatives separated with |
     2. Metacharacters: These are characters with a special meaning For example, below are some use cases,
        1. \d: Used to find a digit
        2. \s: Used to find a whitespace character
        3. \b: Used to find a match at the beginning or ending of a word
     3. Quantifiers: These are useful to define quantities For example, below are some use cases,
        1. n+: Used to find matches for any string that contains at least one n
        2. n*: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero or more occurrences of n
        3. n?: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero or one occurrences of n

158. What is a RegExp object?

     RegExp object is a regular expression object with predefined properties and methods. Let's see the simple usage of RegExp object,

     var regexp = new RegExp('\\w+');
     console.log(regexp);
     // expected output: /\w+/

159. How do you search a string for a pattern?

     You can use test() method of regular expression in order to search a string for a pattern, and returns true or false depending on the result.

     var pattern = /you/;
     console.log(pattern.test("How are you?")); //true

160. What is the purpose of exec method?

     The purpose of exec method is similar to test method but it returns a founded text as an object instead of returning true/false.

     var pattern = /you/;
     console.log(pattern.test("How are you?")); //you

161. How do you change style of a HTML element?

     You can change inline style or classname of a HTML element using javascript

     1. ** Using style property:** You can modify inline style using style property

     document.getElementById("title").style.fontSize = "30px";

     2. ** Using ClassName property:** It is easy to modify element class using className property

      document.getElementById("title").style.className = "custom-title";

162. What would be the result of 1+2+'3'?

     The output is going to be 33. Since 1 and 2 are numeric values, the result of first two digits is going to be a numeric value 3. The next digit is a string type value because of that the addition of numeric value 3 and string type value 3 is just going to be a concatenation value 33.

163. What is a debugger statement?

     The debugger statement invokes any available debugging functionality, such as setting a breakpoint. If no debugging functionality is available, this statement has no effect. For example, in the below function a debugger statement has been inserted. So execution is paused at the debugger statement just like a breakpoint in the script source.

     function getProfile() {
     // code goes here
     debugger;
     // code goes here
     }

164. What is the purpose of breakpoints in debugging?

     You can set breakpoints in the javascript code once the debugger statement is executed and debugger window pops up. At each breakpoint, javascript will stop executing, and let you examine the JavaScript values. After examining values, you can resume the execution of code using play button.

165. Can I use reserved words as identifiers?

     No, you cannot use the reserved words as variables, labels, object or function names. Let's see one simple example,

     var else = "hello"; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token else

166. How do you detect a mobile browser?

     You can use regex which returns a true or false value depending on whether or not the user is browsing with a mobile.

     window.mobilecheck = function() {
       var mobileCheck = false;
       (function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i.test(a)||/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(a.substr(0,4))) mobileCheck = true;})(navigator.userAgent||navigator.vendor||window.opera);
       return mobileCheck;
     };

167. How do you detect a mobile browser without regexp?

     You can detect mobile browser by simply running through a list of devices and checking if the useragent matches anything. This is an alternative solution for RegExp usage,

     function detectmob() {
      if( navigator.userAgent.match(/Android/i)
      || navigator.userAgent.match(/webOS/i)
      || navigator.userAgent.match(/iPhone/i)
      || navigator.userAgent.match(/iPad/i)
      || navigator.userAgent.match(/iPod/i)
      || navigator.userAgent.match(/BlackBerry/i)
      || navigator.userAgent.match(/Windows Phone/i)
      ){
         return true;
       }
      else {
         return false;
       }
     }

168. How do you get the image width and height using JS?

     You can programmatically get the image and check the dimensions(width and height) using Javascript.

     var img = new Image();
     img.onload = function() {
       console.log(this.width + 'x' + this.height);
     }
     img.src = 'http://www.google.com/intl/en_ALL/images/logo.gif';

169. How do you make synchronous HTTP request?

     Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to make synchronous HTTP requests from JavaScript

     function httpGet(theUrl)
     {
         var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
         xmlHttpReq.open( "GET", theUrl, false ); // false for synchronous request
         xmlHttpReq.send( null );
         return xmlHttpReq.responseText;
     }

170. How do you make asynchronous HTTP request?

     Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to make asynchronous HTTP requests from JavaScript by passing 3rd parameter as true.

     function httpGetAsync(theUrl, callback)
     {
         var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
         xmlHttpReq.onreadystatechange = function() {
             if (xmlHttpReq.readyState == 4 && xmlHttpReq.status == 200)
                 callback(xmlHttpReq.responseText);
         }
         xmlHttp.open("GET", theUrl, true); // true for asynchronous
         xmlHttp.send(null);
     }

171. How do you convert date to another timezone in javascript?

     You can use toLocaleString() method to convert date in one timezone to another. For example, let's convert current date to British English timezone as below,

     console.log(event.toLocaleString('en-GB', { timeZone: 'UTC' })); //29/06/2019, 09:56:00

172. What are the properties used to get size of window?

     You can use innerWidth, innerHeight, clientWidth, clientHeight properties of windows, document element and document body objects to find the size of a window. Let's use them combination of these properties to calculate the size of a window or document,

     var width = window.innerWidth
     || document.documentElement.clientWidth
     || document.body.clientWidth;
     
     var height = window.innerHeight
     || document.documentElement.clientHeight
     || document.body.clientHeight;

173. What is a conditional operator in javascript?

     The conditional (ternary) operator is the only JavaScript operator that takes three operands which acts as a shortcut for if statement.

     var isAuthenticated = false;
     console.log(isAuthenticated ? 'Hello, welcome' : 'Sorry, you are not authenticated'); //Sorry, you are not authenticated

174. Can you apply chaining on conditional operator?

     Yes, you can apply chaining on conditional operator similar to if … else if … else if … else chain. The syntax is going to be as below,

     function traceValue(someParam) {
         return condition1 ? value1
              : condition2 ? value2
              : condition3 ? value3
              : value4;
     }
     
     // The above conditional operator is equivalent to:
     
     function traceValue(someParam) {
         if (condition1) { return value1; }
         else if (condition2) { return value2; }
         else if (condition3) { return value3; }
         else { return value4; }
     }

175. What are the ways to execute javascript after page load?

     You can execute javascript after page load in many different ways,

     1. ** window.onload:**

     window.onload = function ...

     2. document.onload:

     document.onload = function ...

     3. ** body onload:**

     <body onload="script();">

176. What is the difference between proto and prototype?

     The __proto__ object is the actual object that is used in the lookup chain to resolve methods, etc. Whereas prototype is the object that is used to build __proto__ when you create an object with new

     ( new Employee ).__proto__ === Employee.prototype;
     ( new Employee ).prototype === undefined;

177. Give an example where do you really need semicolon?

     It is recommended to use semicolons after every statement in JavaScript. For example, in the below case it throws an error ".. is not a function" at runtime due to missing semicolon.

     // define a function
     var fn = function () {
         //...
     } // semicolon missing at this line
     
     // then execute some code inside a closure
     (function () {
         //...
     })();

     and it will be interpreted as

     var fn = function () {
         //...
     }(function () {
         //...
     })();

     In this case, we are passing second function as an argument to the first function and then trying to call the result of the first function call as a function. Hence, the second function will fail with a "... is not a function" error at runtime.

178. What is a freeze method?

     The freeze() method is used to freeze an object. Freezing an object does'nt allow adding new properties to an object,prevents from removing and prevents changing the enumerability, configurability, or writability of existing properties. i.e, It returns the passed object and does not create a frozen copy.

     const obj = {
       prop: 100
     };
     
     Object.freeze(obj);
     obj.prop = 200; // Throws an error in strict mode
     
     console.log(obj.prop); //100

     Note: It causes a TypeError if the argument passed is not an object.

179. What is the purpose of freeze method?

     Below are the main benefits of using freeze method,

     1. It is used for freezing objects and arrays.
     2. It is used to make an object immutable.

180. Why do I need to use freeze method?

     In Object-oriented paradigm, an existing API contains certain elements that are not intended to be extended, modified, or re-used outside of their current context. Hence it works as final keyword which is used in various languages.

181. How do you detect a browser language preference?

     You can use navigator object to detect a browser language preference as below,

     var language = navigator.languages && navigator.languages[0] || // Chrome / Firefox
                    navigator.language ||   // All browsers
                    navigator.userLanguage; // IE <= 10
     
     console.log(language);

182. How to convert string to title case with javascript?

     Title case means that the first letter of each word is capitalized. You can convert a string to title case using the below function,

         function toTitleCase(str) {
             return str.replace(
                 /\w\S*/g,
                 function(txt) {
                     return txt.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + txt.substr(1).toLowerCase();
                 }
             );
         }
         toTitleCase("good morning john"); // Good Morning John

183. How do you detect javascript disabled in the page?

     You can use <noscript> tag to detect javascript disabled or not. The code block inside <noscript> get executed when JavaScript is disabled, and are typically used to display alternative content when the page generated in JavaScript.

     <script type="javascript">
         // JS related code goes here
     </script>
     <noscript>
         <a href="next_page.html?noJS=true">JavaScript is disabled in the apge. Please click Next Page</a>
     </noscript>

184. What are various operators supported by javascript?

     An operator is capable of manipulating(mathematical and logical computations) a certain value or operand. There are various operators supported by JavaScript as below,

     1. Arithmetic Operators: Includes + (Addition),– (Subtraction), * (Multiplication), / (Division), % (Modulus), + + (Increment) and – – (Decrement)
     2. Comparison Operators: Includes = =(Equal),!= (Not Equal), ===(Equal with type), > (Greater than),> = (Greater than or Equal to),< (Less than),<= (Less than or Equal to)
     3. Logical Operators: Includes &&(Logical AND),||(Logical OR),!(Logical NOT)
     4. Assignment Operators: Includes = (Assignment Operator), += (Add and Assignment Operator), – = (Subtract and Assignment Operator), *= (Multiply and Assignment), /= (Divide and Assignment), %= (Modules and Assignment)
     5. Ternary Operators: It includes conditional(: ?) Operator
     6. typeof Operator: It uses to find type of variable. The syntax looks like typeof variable

185. What is a rest parameter?

     Rest parameter is an improved way to handle function parameter which allows us to represent an indefinite number of arguments as an array. The syntax would be as below,

     function f(a, b, ...theArgs) {
       // ...
     }

     For example, let's take a sum example to calculate on dynamic number of parameters,

     function total(…args){
     let sum = 0;
     for(let i of args){
     sum+=i;
     }
     return sum;
     }
     console.log(fun(1,2)); //3
     console.log(fun(1,2,3)); //6
     console.log(fun(1,2,3,4)); //13
     console.log(fun(1,2,3,4,5)); //15

     Note: Rest parameter is added in ES2015 or ES6

186. What happens if you do not use rest parameter as a last argument?

     The rest parameter should be the last argument, as its job is to collect all the remaining arguments into an array. For example, if you define a function like below it doesn’t make any sense and will throw an error.

     function someFunc(a,…b,c){
     //You code goes here
     return;
     }

187. What are the bitwise operators available in javascript?

     Below are the list of bit-wise logical operators used in JavaScript

     1. Bit-wise AND ( & )
     2. Bit-Wise OR ( | )
     3. Bit-Wise XOR ( ^ )
     4. Bit-Wise NOT ( ~ )
     5. Left Shift ( << )
     6. Sign Propagating Right Shift ( >> )
     7. Zero fill Right Shift ( >>> )

188. What is a spread operator?

     Spread operator allows iterables( arrays / objects / strings ) to be expanded into single arguments/elements. Let's take an example to see this behavior,

     function calculateSum(x, y, z) {
       return x + y + z;
     }
     
     const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
     
     console.log(calculateSum(...numbers)); // 6

189. How do you determine whether object is frozen or not?

     Object.isFrozen() method is used to determine if an object is frozen or not.An object is frozen if all of the below conditions hold true,

     1. If it is not extensible.
     2. If all of its properties are non-configurable.
     3. If all its data properties are non-writable. The usage is going to be as follows,

     const object = {
        property: 'Welcome JS world'
     };
     Object.freeze(object);
     console.log(Object.isFrozen(object));

190. How do you determine two values same or not using object?

     The Object.is() method determines whether two values are the same value. For example, the usage with different types of values would be,

     Object.is('hello', 'hello');     // true
     Object.is(window, window);   // true
     Object.is([], []) // false

     Two values are the same if one of the following holds:

     1. both undefined
     2. both null
     3. both true or both false
     4. both strings of the same length with the same characters in the same order
     5. both the same object (means both object have same reference)
     6. both numbers and both +0 both -0 both NaN both non-zero and both not NaN and both have the same value

191. What is the purpose of using object is method?

     Some of the applications of Object's is method are follows,

     1. It is used for comparison of two strings.
     2. It is used for comparison of two numbers.
     3. It is used for comparing the polarity of two numbers.
     4. It is used for comparison of two objects.

192. How do you copy properties from one object to other?

     You can use Object.assign() method which is used to copy the values and properties from one or more source objects to a target object. It returns the target object which has properties and values copied from the target object. The syntax would be as below,

     Object.assign(target, ...sources)

     Let's take exampple with one source and one target object,

     const target = { a: 1, b: 2 };
     const source = { b: 3, c: 4 };
     
     const returnedTarget = Object.assign(target, source);
     
     console.log(target); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 5 }
     
     console.log(returnedTarget); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 5 }

     As observed in the above code, there is a common property(b) from source to target so it's value is been overwritten.

193. What are the applications of assign method?

     Below are the some of main applications of Object.assign() method,

     1. It is used for cloning an object.
     2. It is used to merge object with same properties.

194. What is a proxy object?

     The Proxy object is used to define custom behavior for fundamental operations such as property lookup, assignment, enumeration, function invocation, etc. The syntax would be as follows,

     var p = new Proxy(target, handler);

     Let's take an example of proxy object,

     var handler = {
         get: function(obj, prop) {
             return prop in obj ?
                 obj[prop] :
                 100;
         }
     };
     
     var p = new Proxy({}, handler);
     p.a = 10;
     p.b = null;
     
     console.log(p.a, p.b); // 1, null
     console.log('c' in p, p.c); // false, 100

     In the above code, it uses get handler which define the behavior of the proxy when an operation is performed on it

195. What is the purpose of seal method?

     The Object.seal() method is used seal an object, by preventing new properties from being added to it and marking all existing properties as non-configurable. But values of present properties can still be changed as long as they are writable. Let's see the below example to understand more about seal() method

      const object = {
         property: 'Welcome JS world'
      };
      Object.freeze(object);
      object.property = 'Welcome to object world';
      console.log(Object.isFrozen(object)); // Welcome to object world
      delete object.property; // You cannot delete when sealed
      console.log(object.property); //Welcome to object world

196. What are the applications of seal method?

     Below are the main applications of Object.seal() method,

     1. It is used for sealing objects and arrays.
     2. It is used to make an object immutable.

197. What are the differences between freeze and seal methods?

     If an object is frozen using the Object.freeze() method then its properties become immutable and no changes can be made in them whereas if an object is sealed using the Object.seal() method then the changes can be made in the existing properties of the object.

198. How do you determine if an object is sealed or not?

     The Object.isSealed() method is used to determine if an object is sealed or not. An object is sealed if all of the below conditions hold true

     1. If it is not extensible.
     2. If all of its properties are non-configurable.
     3. If it is not removable (but not necessarily non-writable). Let's see it in the action

     const object = {
     property: 'Hello, Good morning'
     };
     
     Object.seal(object); // Using seal() method to seal the object
     
     console.log(Object.isSealed(object));      // checking whether the object is sealed or not

199. How do you get enumerable key and value pairs?

     The Object.entries() method is used to return an array of a given object's own enumerable string-keyed property [key, value] pairs, in the same order as that provided by a for...in loop. Let's see the functionality of object.entries() method in an example,

     const object = {
       a: 'Good morning',
       b: 100
     };
     
     for (let [key, value] of Object.entries(object)) {
       console.log(`${key}: ${value}`); // a: 'Good morning'
                                        // b: 100
     }

     Note: The order is not guaranteed as object defined.

200. What is the main difference between Object.values and Object.entries method?

     The Object.values() method's behavior is similar to Object.entries() method but it returns an array of values instead [key,value] pairs.

      const object = {
        a: 'Good morning',
        b: 100
      };
     
      for (let value of Object.values(object)) {
        console.log(`${value}`); // 'Good morning'
                                     100
      }

201. How can you get the list of keys of any object?

     You can use Object.keys() method which is used return an array of a given object's own property names, in the same order as we get with a normal loop. For example, you can get the keys of a user object,

     const user = {
       name: 'John',
       gender: 'male',
       age: 40
     };
     
     console.log(Object.keys(user)); //['name', 'gender', 'age']

202. How do you create an object with prototype?

     The Object.create() method is used to create a new object with the specified prototype object and properties. i.e, It uses existing object as the prototype of the newly created object. It returns a new object with the specified prototype object and properties.

      const user = {
        name: 'John',
        printInfo: function () {
          console.log(`My name is ${this.name}.`);
        }
      };
     
      const admin = Object.create(person);
     
      admin.name = "Nick"; // Remember that "name" is a property set on "admin" but not on "user" object
     
      admin.printInfo(); // My name is Nick

203. What is a WeakSet?

     WeakSet is used to store a collection of weakly(weak references) held objects. The syntax would be as follows,

     new WeakSet([iterable]);

     Let's see the below example to explain it's behavior,

     var ws = new WeakSet();
     var user = {};
     ws.add(user);
     ws.has(user);    // true
     ws.delete(user); // removes user from the set
     ws.has(user);    // false, user has been removed

204. What are the differences between WeakSet and Set?

     The main difference is that references to objects in Set are strong while references to objects in WeakSet are weak. i.e, An object in WeakSet can be garbage collected if there is no other reference to it. Other differences are,

     1. Sets can store any value Whereas WeakSets can store only collections of objects
     2. WeakSet does not have size property unlike Set
     3. WeakSet does not have methods such as clear, keys, values, entries, forEach.
     4. WeakSet is not iterable.

205. List down the collection of methods available on WeakSet?

     Below are the list of methods available on WeakSet,

     1. add(value): A new object is appended with the given value to the weakset
     2. delete(value): Deletes the value from the WeakSet collection.
     3. has(value): It returns true if the value is present in the WeakSet Collection, otherwise it returns false.
     4. length(): It returns the length of weakSetObject Let's see the functionality of all the above methods in an example,

     var weakSetObject = new WeakSet();
     var firstObject = {};
     var secondObject = {};
     // add(value)
     weakSetObject.add(firstObject);
     weakSetObject.add(secondObject);
     console.log(weakSetObject.has(firstObject)); //true
     console.log(weakSetObject.length()); //2
     weakSetObject.delete(secondObject);

206. What is a WeakMap?

     The WeakMap object is a collection of key/value pairs in which the keys are weakly referenced. In this case, keys must be objects and the values can be arbitrary values. The syntax is looking like as below,

     new WeakMap([iterable])

     Let's see the below example to explain it's behavior,

      var ws = new WeakMap();
      var user = {};
      ws.set(user);
      ws.has(user);    // true
      ws.delete(user); // removes user from the map
      ws.has(user);    // false, user has been removed

207. What are the differences between WeakMap and Map?

     The main difference is that references to key objects in Map are strong while references to key objects in WeakMap are weak. i.e, A key object in WeakMap can be garbage collected if there is no other reference to it. Other differences are,

     1. Maps can store any key type Whereas WeakMaps can store only collections of key objects
     2. WeakMap does not have size property unlike Map
     3. WeakMap does not have methods such as clear, keys, values, entries, forEach.
     4. WeakMap is not iterable.

208. List down the collection of methods available on WeakMap?

     Below are the list of methods available on WeakMap,

     1. set(key, value): Sets the value for the key in the WeakMap object. Returns the WeakMap object.
     2. delete(key): Removes any value associated to the key.
     3. has(key): Returns a Boolean asserting whether a value has been associated to the key in the WeakMap object or not.
     4. get(key): Returns the value associated to the key, or undefined if there is none. Let's see the functionality of all the above methods in an example,

     var weakMapObject = new WeakMap();
     var firstObject = {};
     var secondObject = {};
     // set(key, value)
     weakMapObject.set(firstObject, 'John');
     weakMapObject.set(secondObject, 100);
     console.log(weakMapObject.has(firstObject)); //true
     console.log(weakMapObject.get(firstObject)); // John
     weakMapObject.delete(secondObject);

209. What is the purpose of uneval?

     The uneval() is an inbuilt function which is used to create a string representation of the source code of an Object. It is a top-level function and is not associated with any object. Let's see the below example to know more about it's functionality,

     var a = 1;
     uneval(a); // returns a String containing 1
     uneval(function user() {}); // returns "(function user(){})"

210. How do you encode an URL?

     The encodeURI() function is used to encode complete URI which has special characters except (, / ? : @ & = + $ #) characters.

     var uri = 'https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы';
     var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
     console.log(encoded); // https://mozilla.org/?x=%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B

211. How do you decode an URL?

     The decodeURI() function is used to decode a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) previously created by encodeURI().

      var uri = 'https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы';
      var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
      console.log(encoded); // https://mozilla.org/?x=%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B
     try {
       console.log(decodeURI(encoded)); // "https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы"
     } catch(e) { // catches a malformed URI
       console.error(e);
     }

212. How do you print the contents of web page?

     The window object provided print() method which is used to prints the contents of the current window. It opens Print dialog box which lets you choose between various printing options. Let's see the usage of print method in an example,

        <input type="button" value="Print" onclick="window.print()" />

     Note: In most browsers, it will block while the print dialog is open.

213. What is the difference between uneval and eval?

     The uneval function returns the source of a given object; whereas the eval function does the opposite, by evaluating that source code in a different memory area. Let's see an example to clarify the difference,

     var msg = uneval(function greeting() { return 'Hello, Good morning'; });
     var greeting = eval(msg);
     greeting(); // returns "Hello, Good morning"

214. What is an anonymous function?

     An anonymous function is a function without a name! Anonymous functions are commonly assigned to a variable name or used as a callback function. The syntax would be as below,

     function (optionalParameters) {
       //do something
     }
     
     const myFunction = function(){ //Anonymous function assigned to a variable
       //do something
     };
     
     [1, 2, 3].map(function(element){ //Anonymous function used as a callback function
       //do something
     });

     Let's see the above anonymous function in an example,

     var x = function (a, b) {return a * b};
     var z = x(5, 10);
     console.log(z); // 50

215. What is the precedence order between local and global variables?

     A local variable takes precedence over a global variable with the same name. Let's see this behavior in an example.

     var msg = "Good morning";
     function greeting() {
        msg = "Good Evening";
        console.log(msg);
     }
     greeting();

216. What are javascript accessors?

     ECMAScript 5 introduced javascript object accessors or computed properties through getters and setters. Getters uses get keyword whereas Setters uses set keyword.

     var user = {
       firstName: "John",
       lastName : "Abraham",
       language : "en",
       get lang() {
         return this.language;
       }
       set lang(lang) {
       this.language = lang;
       }
     };
     console.log(user.lang); // getter access lang as en
     user.lang = 'fr';
     console.log(user.lang); // setter used to set lang as fr

217. How do you define property on Object constructor?

     The Object.defineProperty() static method is used to define a new property directly on an object, or modifies an existing property on an object, and returns the object. Let's see an example to know how to define property,

     const newObject = {};
     
     Object.defineProperty(newObject, 'newProperty', {
       value: 100,
       writable: false
     });
     
     console.log(newObject.newProperty); // 100
     
     newObject.newProperty = 200; // It throws an error in strict mode due to writable setting

218. What is the difference between get and defineProperty?

     Both has similar results until unless you use classes. If you use get the property will be defined on the prototype of the object whereas using Object.defineProperty() the property will be defined on the instance it is applied to.

219. What are the advantages of Getters and Setters?

     Below are the list of benefits of Getters and Setters,

     1. They provide simpler syntax
     2. They are used for defining computed properties, or accessors in JS.
     3. Useful to provide equivalence relation between properties and methods
     4. They can provide better data quality
     5. Useful for doing things behind the scenes with the encapsulated logic.

220. Can I add getters and setters using defineProperty method?

     Yes, You can use Object.defineProperty() method to add Getters and Setters. For example, the below counter object uses increment, decrement, add and substract properties,

     var counterObj = {counter : 0};
     
     // Define getters
     Object.defineProperty(obj, "increment", {
       get : function () {this.counter++;}
     });
     Object.defineProperty(obj, "decrement", {
       get : function () {this.counter--;}
     });
     
     // Define setters
     Object.defineProperty(obj, "add", {
       set : function (value) {this.counter += value;}
     });
     Object.defineProperty(obj, "subtract", {
       set : function (value) {this.counter -= value;}
     });
     
     obj.add = 10;
     obj.subtract = 5;
     console.log(obj.increment); //6
     console.log(obj.decrement); //5

221. What is the purpose of switch-case?

     The switch case statement in JavaScript is used for decision making purposes. In few cases, using the switch case statement is going to be more convenient than if-else statements. The syntax would be as below,

     switch (expression)
     {
         case value1:
             statement1;
             break;
         case value2:
             statement2;
             break;
         .
         .
         case valueN:
             statementN;
             break;
         default:
             statementDefault;
     }

     The above multi-way branch statement provides an easy way to dispatch execution to different parts of code based on the value of the expression.

222. What are the conventions to be followed for the usage of swtich case?

     Below are the list of conventions should be taken care,

     1. The expression can be of type either number or string.
     2. Duplicate values are not allowed for the expression.
     3. The default statement is optional. If the expression passed to switch does not matches with any case value then the statement within default case will be executed.
     4. The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a statement sequence.
     5. The break statement is optional. But if it omitted, the execution will continue on into the next case.

223. What are primitive data types?

     A primitive data type is data that has a primitive value (which has no properties or methods). There are 5 types of primitive data types.

     1. string
     2. number
     3. boolean
     4. null
     5. undefined

224. What are the different ways to access object properties?

     There are 3 possible ways for accessing the property of an object.

     1. Dot notation: It uses dot for accessing the properties

     objectName.property

     2. Square brackets notation: It uses square brackets for property access

     objectName["property"]

     3. Expression notation: It uses expression in the square brackets

     objectName[expression]

225. What are the function parameter rules?

     JavaScript functions follow below rules for parameters,

     1. The function definitions do not specify data types for parameters.
     2. Do not perform type checking on the passed arguments.
     3. Do not check the number of arguments received. i.e, The below function follows the above rules,

     function functionName(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {
       console.log(parameter1); // 1
     }
     functionName(1);

226. What is an error object?

     An error object is a built in error object that provides error information when an error occurs. It has two properties: name and message. For example, the below function logs error details,

     try {
       greeting("Welcome");
     }
     catch(err) {
       console.log(err.name + "<br>" + err.message);
     }

227. When you get a syntax error?

     A SyntaxError is thrown if you try to evaluate code with a syntax error. For example, the below missing quote for the function parameter throws a syntax error

     try {
       eval("greeting('welcome)");   // Missing ' will produce an error
     }
     catch(err) {
       console.log(err.name);
     }

228. What are the different error names from error object?

     There are 6 different types of error names returned from error object,

     Error Name	Description
     EvalError	An error has occurred in the eval() function
     RangeError	An error has occurred with a number "out of range"
     ReferenceError	An error due to an illegal reference
     SyntaxError	An error due to a syntax error
     TypeError	An error due to a type error
     URIError	An error due to encodeURI()

229. What are the various statements in error handling?

     Below are the list of statements used in an error handling,

     1. try: This statement is used to test a block of code for errors
     2. catch: This statement is used to handle the error
     3. throw: This statement is used to create custom errors.
     4. finally: This statement is used to execute code after try and catch regardless of the result.

230. What are the two types of loops in javascript?

     1. Entry Controlled loops: In this kind of loop type, the test condition is tested before entering the loop body. For example, For Loop and While Loop comes under this category.
     2. Exit Controlled Loops: In this kind of loop typpe, the test condition is tested or evaluated at the end of loop body. i.e, the loop body will execute atleast once irrespective of test condition true or false. For example, do-while loop comes under this category.

231. What is nodejs?

     Node.js is a server-side platform built on Chrome's JavaScript runtime for easily building fast and scalable network applications. It is an event-based, non-blocking, asynchronous I/O runtime that uses Google's V8 JavaScript engine and libuv library.

232. What is an Intl object?

     The Intl object is the namespace for the ECMAScript Internationalization API, which provides language sensitive string comparison, number formatting, and date and time formatting. It provides an access to several constructors and language sensitive functions.

233. How do you perform language specific date and time formatting?

     You can use Intl.DateTimeFormat object which is constructor for objects that enable language-sensitive date and time formatting. Let's see this behavior with an example,

     var date = new Date(Date.UTC(2019, 07, 07, 3, 0, 0));
     console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en-GB').format(date)); // 07/08/2019
     console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en-AU').format(date)); // 07/08/2019

234. What is an Iterator?

     an iterator is an object which defines a sequence and a return value upon its termination. It implements the Iterator protocol with a next() method which returns an object with two properties: value (the next value in the sequence) and done (which is true if the last value in the sequence has been consumed).

235. What is an event loop?

     The Event Loop is a queue of callback functions. When an async function executes, the callback function is pushed into the queue. The JavaScript engine doesn't start processing the event loop until async function has finished executing the code. Note: It allows Node.js to perform non-blocking I/O operations eventhough JavaScript is single-threaded.

236. What is call stack?

237. What is an event queue?

238. What is a decorator?

     A decorator is an expression that evaluates to a function and that takes the target, name, and decorator descriptor as arguments. Also, it optionally returns a decorator descriptor to install on the target object. Let's define admin decorator for user class at design time,

     function admin(isAdmin) {
        return function(target) {
            target.isAdmin = isAdmin;
        }
     }
     
     @admin(true)
     class User() {
     }
     console.log(User.isAdmin); //true
     
      @admin(false)
      class User() {
      }
      console.log(User.isAdmin); //false

239. What are the properties of Intl object?

     Below are the list of properties available on Intl object,

     1. Collator: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive string comparison.
     2. DateTimeFormat: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive date and time formatting.
     3. ListFormat: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive list formatting.
     4. NumberFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive number formatting.
     5. PluralRules: Objects that enable plural-sensitive formatting and language-specific rules for plurals.
     6. RelativeTimeFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive relative time formatting.

240. What is an Unary operator?

     The unary(+) operator is used to convert a variable to a number.If the variable cannot be converted, it will still become a number but with the value NaN. Let's see this behavior in an action.

     var x = "100";
     var y = + x;
     console.log(typeof x, typeof y); // string, number
     
     var a = "Hello";
     var b = + a;
     console.log(typeof a, typeof b, b); // string, number, NaN
     

241. How do you sort elements in an array?

     The sort() method is used to sort the elements of an array in place and returns the sorted array. The example usage would be as below,

     var months = ["Aug", "Sep", "Jan", "June"];
     months.sort();
     console.log(months); //  ["Aug", "Jan", "June", "Sep"]

242. What is the purpose of compareFunction while sorting arrays?

     The compareFunction is used to define the sort order. If omitted, the array elements are converted to strings, then sorted according to each character's Unicode code point value. Let's take an example to see the usage of compareFunction,

     let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];
     numbers.sort((a, b) => b - a);
     console.log(numbers); // [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

243. How do you reversing an array?

     You can use reverse() method is used reverse the elements in an array. This method is useful to sort an array in descending order. Let's see the usage of reverse() method in an example,

     let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];
     numbers.sort((a, b) => b - a);
     numbers.reverse();
     console.log(numbers); // [1, 2, 3, 4 ,5]

244. How do you find min and max value in an array?

     You can use Math.min and Math.max methods on array variable to find the minimum and maximum elements with in an array. Let's create two functions to find the min and max value with in an array,

     var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];
     function findMin(arr) {
       return Math.min.apply(null, arr);
     }
     function findMax(arr) {
       return Math.max.apply(null, arr);
     }
     
     console.log(findMin(marks));
     console.log(findMax(marks));

245. How do you find min and max values without Math functions?

     You can write functions which loops through an array comparing each value with the lowest value or highest value to find the min and max values. Let's create those functions to find min an max values,

      var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];
      function findMin(arr) {
        var length = arr.length
        var min = Infinity;
        while (length--) {
          if (arr[length] < min) {
            min = arr[len];
          }
        }
        return min;
      }
     
      function findMax(arr) {
        var length = arr.length
        var max = -Infinity;
        while (len--) {
          if (arr[length] > max) {
            max = arr[length];
          }
        }
        return max;
      }
     
      console.log(findMin(marks));
      console.log(findMax(marks));

246. What is an empty statement and purpose of it?

     The empty statement is a semicolon (;) indicating that no statement will be executed, even if JavaScript syntax requires one. Since there is no action with an empty statement you might think that it's usage is quite less, but the empty statement is occasionally useful when you want to create a loop that has an empty body. For example, you can initialize an array with zero values as below,

     // Initialize an array a
     for(int i=0; i < a.length; a[i++] = 0) ;