tighterror is a minimalistic framework for error representation in Rust.

It is heavily inspired by the standard std::io::Error which represents a group of errors in a single Rust type. This concept is taken one step further such that a tighterror can represent multiple groups of errors in a single Rust type.

tighterror tries to achieve the following goals:

1. Minimize the size of error types while keeping support for idiomatic error reporting.
2. Minimize the runtime overhead on error path. No dynamic memory allocation (by default).
3. Minimize the runtime overhead of matching a group of errors.
4. Minimize the coding effort:
   • define errors in a markup language and generate Rust boilerplate code automatically
   • ergonomic error reporting

• YAML specification
• TOML specification
• Categories
  • implicit
  • single
  • multiple
  • flat kinds
• Modules
  • implicit
  • single
  • multiple
  • separate files
• Variant error types
• Category error types
• Flags
• Location
• Backtrace

tighterror takes the declarative approach where a user project maintains its set of errors in a specification file written in a markup language (YAML or TOML). Generation of Rust source code out of the specification file is done by a dedicated tool provided by the framework.

In its basic form a tighterror is a newtype around a small unsigned integer, e.g., u8, whose value is a unique identifier of the error, the error kind.

#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct ErrorKind(u8);

#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct Error(ErrorKind);  // <-- the type to use in Result<T, E>

An error kind is built bitwise from two parts: error category and error variant. The error category groups several errors logically and allows handling the whole group with a single match arm. The error variant is a unique identifier of the error within its category. Together category and variant comprise a unique identifier of an error in a given tighterror instantiation.

The following diagram shows an example layout of error kind. This layout can represent up to 4 categories with a maximum of 32 errors in each category.

            ┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐                      
            │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │ (0-4) 5 variant bits 
          u8│ 7 │ 6 │ 5 │ 4 │ 3 │ 2 │ 1 │ 0 │ (5-6) 2 category bits
            │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │   │ (7-7) 1 reserved bit 
            └───┼───┴───┼───┴───┴───┴───┴───┤                      
                │  cat  │      variant      │                      

By default tighterror chooses the smallest underlying type that is big enough to accommodate the number of categories and errors defined in a specification file. Supported underlying types are u8, u16, u32 and u64.

Below is a minimalistic example suitable for projects where documentation isn't required. For more configuration options see the crate documentation.

Define errors in tighterror.yaml file in the root directory of your project:

---
errors:
  - BAD_ARG
  - BAD_FILE_PATH

Add tighterror to your Cargo.toml file:

cargo add tighterror

Install the cargo plugin:

cargo install cargo-tighterror

Run the plugin to generate a Rust module in src/errors.rs:

cargo tighterror -o src/errors.rs

Include the generated module in your project as any other handwritten Rust module, i.e., mod errors;.

The following is a stripped-down view of the generated module:

#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct ErrorCategory(u8);

#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct ErrorKind(u8);

#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct Error(ErrorKind);

impl tighterror::Category for ErrorCategory { ... }
impl tighterror::Kind for ErrorKind { ... }
impl tighterror::Error for Error { ... }

pub mod category {
   use super::ErrorCategory;
   pub const GENERAL: ErrorCategory = ErrorCategory::new(0);
}

pub mod kind {
   use super::category::*;
   use super::ErrorKind;
   pub const BAD_ARG: ErrorKind = ErrorKind::new(GENERAL, 0);
   pub const BAD_FILE_PATH: ErrorKind = ErrorKind::new(GENERAL, 1);
}

Error is the type to use in Result<T, E>. It can be created as follows:

let e = Error::from(BAD_ARG);
let e: Error = BAD_ARG.into();

// ErrorKind is convertible to Result<T, Error>
fn foo() -> Result<(), Error> {
  BAD_FILE_PATH.into()
}
assert!(foo().is_err_and(|e| e.kind() == BAD_FILE_PATH));

The full documentation is on docs.rs.

Licensed under either of

• Apache License, Version 2.0 (LICENSE-APACHE or http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
• MIT license (LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)

at your option.

Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.

error kind minimal error reporting lean error handling error-kind error-code code