NFCGate is an Android application meant to capture, analyze, or modify NFC traffic. It can be used as a researching tool to reverse engineer protocols or assess the security of protocols against traffic modifications.

This application was developed for security research purposes by students of the Secure Mobile Networking Lab at TU Darmstadt. Please do not use this application for malicious purposes.

• On-device capture: Captures NFC traffic sent and received by other applications running on the device.
• Relay: Relays NFC traffic between two devices using a server. One device operates as a "reader" reading an NFC tag, the other device emulates an NFC tag using the Host Card Emulation (HCE).
• Replay: Replays previously captured NFC traffic in either "reader" or "tag" mode.
• Clone: Clones the initial tag information (e.g. ID).
• pcapng export of captured NFC traffic, readable by Wireshark.

• NFC support
• Android 4.4+ (API level 19+)
• Xposed-compatible hooking framework (EdXposed, LSPosed with Zygisk or Riru): On-device capture, relay tag mode, replay tag mode, clone mode.
• ARMv8-A, ARMv7: Relay tag mode, replay tag mode, clone mode.
• HCE: Relay tag mode, replay tag mode, clone mode.

1. Initialize submodules: git submodule update --init
2. Build using Android Studio or Gradle

As instructions differ per mode, each mode is described in detail in its own document in doc/mode/:

• On-device capture
• Relay
• Replay
• Clone

Captured traffic can be exported in or imported from the pcapng file format. For example, Wireshark can be used to further analyze NFC traffic. A detailed description of the import and export functionality is documented in doc/pcapng.md.

NFCGate provides an in-app status check. For further notes on compatibility see the compatibility document.

Please consider the following issues and caveats before using the application (and especially before filing a bug report).

When using modes, that utilize HCE, the phone has to implement the NFC Controller Interface (NCI) specification. Most of the phones should implement this specification when offering HCE support.

Right now, all data in relay mode is sent unencrypted over the network. We may or may not get around to implementing cryptographic protection, but for now, consider everything you send over the network to be readable by anyone interested, unless you use extra protection like VPNs. Keep that in mind while performing your own tests.

We can only proxy tags supported by Android. For example, Android no longer offers support for MiFare classic chips, so these cards are not supported. When in doubt, use an application like NFC Tag info to find out if your tag is compatible. Also, at the moment, every tag technology supported by Android's HCE is supported (A, B, F), however NFC-B and NFC-F remain untested. NFC-A tags are the most common tags (for example, both the MiFare DESFire and specialized chips like the ones in electronic passports use NFC-A), but you may experience problems if you use other tags.

This application only works with readers which do not implement additional security measures. One security measure which will prevent our application from working in relay mode is when the reader checks the time it takes the card to respond (or, to use the more general case, if the reader implements "distance bounding"). The network transmission adds a noticeable delay to any transaction, so any secure reader will not accept our proxied replies.
This does not affect other operating modes.

Some features of NFC are not supported by Android and thus cannot be used with our application. We have experienced cases where the NFC field generated by the phone was not strong enough to properly power more advanced features of some NFC chips (e.g. cryptographic operations). Keep this in mind if you are testing chips we have not experimented with.

See the note about OnePlus devices.

This application was presented at the 14th USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies (WOOT '20). An arXiv preprint can be found here.

An early version of this application was presented at WiSec 2015. The extended Abstract and poster can be found on the website of one of the authors. It was also presented in a brief Lightning Talk at the Chaos Communication Camp 2015.

Any use of this project which results in an academic publication or other publication which includes a bibliography should include a citation to NFCGate:

@inproceedings {Klee2020Nfcgate,
    author = {Steffen Klee and Alexandros Roussos and Max Maass and Matthias Hollick},
    title = {NFCGate: Opening the Door for {NFC} Security Research with a Smartphone-Based Toolkit},
    booktitle = {14th {USENIX} Workshop on Offensive Technologies ({WOOT} 20)},
    year = {2020},
    url = {https://www.usenix.org/conference/woot20/presentation/klee},
    publisher = {{USENIX} Association},
    month = aug,
}

The initial NFCGate paper describing the first version of NFCGate can be cited as follows:

@inproceedings{Maass2015Nfcgate,
  title={DEMO: NFCGate: an NFC relay application for Android},
  author={Max Maass and Uwe M{\"u}ller and Tom Schons and Daniel Wegemer and Matthias Schulz},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Security \& Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks},
  year={2015}
}

   Copyright 2015-2022 NFCGate Team

   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   You may obtain a copy of the License at

       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   limitations under the License.

• Steffen Klee
• Max Maass

• xHook (Licensed under the MIT License)
• Xposed Bridge (Licensed under the Apache License v2.0)
• LibNFC-NCI (Licensed under the Apache License v2.0)
• Protobuf (Licensed under the modified BSD 3-Clause License)
• Android About Page (Licensed under the MIT License)
• Android Device Names (Licensed under the Apache License v2.0)
• Android Support library - preference v7 bugfix (Released into the public domain and partly licensed under the Apache License v2.0)
• Android Room (Licensed under the Apache License v2.0)
• Android Lifecycle (Licensed under the Apache License v2.0)

• ADBI: ARM and THUMB inline hooking