This repository contains the data created as part of:

Marc Schulder, Michael Wiegand and Josef Ruppenhofer (2018). "Automatically Creating a Lexicon of Verbal Polarity Shifters: Mono- and Cross-lingual Methods for German". Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2018), pages 2516–2528, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, 20–26 August 2018.

We provide a bootstrapped lexicon of German verbal polarity shifters. Our lexicon covers 2595 verbs of GermaNet (Hamp and Feldweg, 1997). Polarity shifter labels are given for each word lemma. All labels were assigned by an expert annotator who is a native speaker of German.

• Paper: ACL Anthology
• Poster: Link
• Data: See content of this repository

• Polarity Shifter Resources
  • IJCNLP 2017: Lexicon of English Verbal Shifters (bootstrapped, lemma-level)
  • LREC 2018: Lexicon of English Verbal Shifters (manual, sense-level)
  • LREC 2020: Lexicon of Polarity Shifting Directions (supervised classification, lemma-level).
  • JNLE 2020: General Lexicon of English Shifters (bootstrapped, lemma-level).
• Word Embedding of Amazon Product Review Corpus: Word2Vec word embedding used to create this data.

The data consists of two lists of GermaNet verbs (Hamp and Feldweg, 1997), annotated for whether they cause shifting:

1. verbal_shifters.gold_standard.txt: The initial gold standard (§3) of 2000 randomly sampled verbs.
2. verbal_shifters.bootstrapping.txt: The bootstrapped 595 verbs (§5.3) that were labelled as shifters by our best classifier and then manually annotated.

Each line contains a verb and its label, separate by a whitespace.

This data set is published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

If you use it in your research or work, please cite the publication (see above).

@inproceedings{schulder2018germanshifter,
  title={Automatically Creating a Lexicon of Verbal Polarity Shifters: Mono- and Cross-lingual Methods for German},
  author={Schulder, Marc and Wiegand, Michael and Ruppenhofer, Josef},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
  pages={2516--2528},
  year={2018},
  month = {August},
  date = {20-26},
  address={Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA},
  publisher={International Committee on Computational Linguistics},
  volume={1},
}

This work was partially supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under grants RU 1873/2-1 and WI4204/2-1.

Birgit Hamp and Helmut Feldweg. 1997. GermaNet - a Lexical-Semantic Net for German. In "Proceedings of ACL Workshop Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for NLP Applications", pages 9–15, Madrid, Spain.