This is a basic integration of NextJS + ExpressJS.

One important reason to use a server like this is architectural simplicity - it allows maintaining only 1 deploy.

For a mature project, it's common to embrace a distributed setup: for example, running the front end, API, socket server, worker system - on different services. A younger project's goals are often to prove out a product idea; starting the project out as a monolith can help improve velocity and ship bug-free code - by side-stepping some of the complexities of distributed systems.

The code is intended to be barebones, but it does exhibit usage of the template. To actually use it as the base of a project, you probably want to delete most of the sample code:

• Delete all pages except main.jsx
• Delete the demo routes in app/route/pages.js and app/route/api.js
• Deleteapp/data.

There's a tutorial for this project, which can be found here https://dev.to/alexeydc/express-nextjs-sample-tutorial-integration-485f

The project relies on the dotenv package, so you'll need to create a .env. It's common to place secrets in .env - so it is .gitignored in this project. A .env-example is provided with the barebones setup that does not require any secrets. It's a good starting point, so you can do:

cp .env-example .env

Redundantly, here's an example of .env contents for this project:

NODE_ENV=development
EXPRESS_PORT=3333

pnpm-lock.yaml is commited, so the default way to run this project is with pnpm. See https://pnpm.io/installation if you're not already using it.

# For pnpm vs yarn vs npm, see https://pnpm.io/benchmarks
pnpm install
pnpm start

The code is set up to easily run local HTTP or HTTPS.

If you're debating which one to use for yourself, here is a good article that helps establish a decision boundary: https://web.dev/when-to-use-local-https

For example, you may have to use a custom local hostname if you're working OAuth - some OAuth providers don't allow using localhost as a redirect URL (e.g. PayPal does not allow this).

If you just run the code as-is, it will run on HTTP, no additional changes or setup necessary.

To enable HTTPS locally, you'll need to change line 32 in app/server.js:

// Before
this.server = httpServer(this.express)
// After
this.server = httpsServer(this.express)

One of the easiest ways to use HTTPS locally is with mkcert. It's really simple:

# 1. Install mkcert
# Mac
brew install mkcert
brew install nss      # for Firefox
# Linux: https://github.com/FiloSottile/mkcert#linux
mkcert -install

# 2. Issue certificates
mkdir mkcert          # Inside the root of this project
cd mkcert
mkcert localhost

Then set environment variables for your new cert:

# 3. Add certificate to a .env file at the root of this project
SSL_PRIVATE_KEY_PATH = mkcert/localhost-key.pem
SSL_CERTIFICATE_PATH = mkcert/localhost.pem

If you want to run tests against your API outside the browser, you'll want the additional setup steps below.

Even though mkcert certificates are a step up from being self-signed, since there's a self-issued certificate authority that signed them, the CA (Certificate Authority) is not recognizable by standard HTTPS clients (e.g. via fetch or node's https module): they will error out with UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE, saying Error: unable to verify the first certificate.

To bypass this, a client can be told to accept certificates issued by a certain certificate authority. CAs are identified via public keys: each certificate issued by a CA is signed with its private key.

So we need to pass the public key into the client, to let them know to trust that CA; fetch and https both support this via the {ca: public_key_aka_certificate} option.

Now we just need to find where mkcert put the certificates for its CA:

mkcert -CAROOT

E.g. on a mac it will print something like:

/Users/alexey/Library/Application Support/mkcert

Which has

% ls '/Users/alexey/Library/Application Support/mkcert'
rootCA-key.pem rootCA.pem

rootCA.pem is the certificate (you can figure that out because it's not being called a key). Either set the SSL_ROOTCA_PATH to the global path, or copy the certificate into the mkcert directory - since it's not committed anyway, and use that path in your .env:

cp '/Users/alexey/Library/Application Support/mkcert/rootCA.pem' 'mkcert/rootCA.pem'
# The add this to your .env
SSL_ROOTCA_PATH = mkcert/rootCA-key.pem