This repository contains supplementary materials for the benchmarking study of our paper:

Ibrahim, Ehab M., Linyan Mei, and Marian Verhelst. "Survey and Benchmarking of Precision-Scalable MAC Arrays for Embedded DNN Processing." arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.04773 (2021).

Reduced-precision and variable-precision multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations provide opportunities to significantly improve energy efficiency and throughput of DNN accelerators with no/limited algorithmic performance loss, paving a way towards deploying AI applications on resource-constraint edge devices. Accordingly, various precision-scalable MAC array (PSMA) architectures were recently proposed. However, it is difficult to make a fair comparison between those alternatives, as each proposed PSMA is demonstrated in different systems with different technologies. This work aims to provide a clear view on the design space of PSMA and offer insights for selecting the optimal architectures based on designers' needs. First, we introduce a precision-enhanced for-loop representation for DNN dataflows. Next, we use this new representation towards a comprehensive PSMA taxonomy, capable to systematically cover most prominent state-of-the-art PSMAs, as well as uncover new PSMA architectures. Following that, we build a highly parameterized PSMA template that can be design-time configured into a huge subset of the design space spanned by the taxonomy. This allows to fairly and thoroughly benchmark 72 different PSMA architectures. We perform such studies in 28nm technology targeting run-time precision scalability from 8 to 2 bits, operating at 200 MHz and 1 GHz. Analyzing resulting energy efficiency and area breakdowns reveals key design guidelines for PSMA architectures.

In this study, 72 different Precision-Scalable MAC arrays (PSMA) were benchmarked. All 72 designs were generated from the same RTL, so as you can tell, the RTL is very (very) parameterizable. To make the benchmarking process as seamless as possible, an automatic benchmark framework is also introduced in this repository. This auto framework is multi-threaded, and handles the whole benchmark flow, including (synthesis - post synthesis simulation - power and area extraction), and in the end it generates a detailed breakdown of the power/area of each module of the design.

This repository holds all RTL, synthesis, automation, and plotting scripts used in our study. All RTL and testbenches are written in SystemVerilog, and automation scripts are a combination of tcl and Python scripts. Plotting is handled in Python using a combination of pandas, matplotlib, and seaborn libraries.

• python 3.6+
• numpy
• pandas
• matplotlib
• seaborn

• A beast of a server
• Lots of memory (for generated VCD files)
• QuestaSim -> Simulation
• Cadence Genus (legacy ui) -> Synthesis

Please note that it's possible to use other tools, but this would require changing the simulation/synthesis scripts to support the new tools.

• auto_framework: The automatic benchmarking framework + plotting scripts. More information can be found in auto_framework's README
• constraints: Contains some .sdc files used during synthesis
• lib: This directory should be used as a symbolic link to the technology node used in synthesis. For reference, you can create a symbolic link in a linux environment using:

ln -s <PATH_TO_LIBRARY> <PATH_TO_THIS_REPOSITORY>/lib/

• results: Contains the results from our benchmark run. Right now, it contains the breakdowns and figures used in our paper for clock frequencies of 1.00 ns and 5.00 ns, for both FU and SWU designs
• rtl: Contains the RTL and Testbenches, as well as some useful .tcl scripts. More information can be found in RTL's README

This study was conducted over the span of 1+ year, and so you may find some naming deviations from the paper. The most notable differences are:

• Fully Unrolling (FU) and Sub-Word Unrolling (SWU) are called DVAFS_0 and DVAFS_1 respectively
• In the paper, L2 consisted of 4x4 L1 units, and each L1 unit is a 2b multiplier. While in the RTL, you'll notice that L1 consists of 2x2 2b multipliers, and L2 consists of 2x2 L1 units. This was a legacy design that we started with, but in the end we opted for a more uniform parameter setting. So, L1 in RTL is not the same as L1 in the paper! But other than L1, L2/L3/L4 are consistent between the code and paper.

Before you can use the auto_framework, you MUST first go to config.py and set the LIB_DB and LIB_V variables to the correct .lib and .v technology files. You can also quickly check other parameters over there and change them as you see fit. For instance, you can set the LOCAL_DIR variable to a location with lots of free space, as this is where the .vcd files will be dumped. With that out of the way:

cd auto_framework
python auto_framework.py

Have a good night's sleep (or 2), and hopefully you'll find your new results in the breakdown folder

All relevant plotting functions reside in plotting_functions.py. You can also run the plotting functions from a Jupyter notebook as it gave some room for experimentation and re-iteration compared to python scripts.

All RTL designs are licensed under the Solderpad Hardware License, while all python scripts are licensed under the Apache license version 2.0.