Vers (vers-vecs on crates.io) contains pure-Rust implementations of several data structures backed by rank and select operations. When using this library, it is strongly recommended to enable the BMI2 and popcnt features for x86_64 CPUs or compile with the target-cpu=native flag, since the intrinsics speed up both rank and select operations by a factor of 2-3.

• A fully-featured bit vector with no memory overhead.
• A succinct bit vector supporting fast rank and select queries.
• An Elias-Fano encoding of monotone sequences supporting constant-time predecessor/successor queries.
• Two Range Minimum Query vector structures for constant-time range minimum queries.
• A Wavelet Matrix supporting O(k) rank, select, statistical, predecessor, and successor queries.

• Vers is among the fastest publicly available bit vector implementations for rank and select operations.
• Vers has a substantially lower memory overhead than its competitors.
• Without crate features, all data structures are implemented in pure Rust and have no dependencies outside the standard library.
• Every functionality is extensively documented.
• Vers aims to provide more functionality for its data structures than competitors (e.g., Elias-Fano sequences and the Wavelet Matrix support predecessor and successor queries, the Wavelet Matrix supports statistical queries, all data structures implement various iterators, etc.).

• simd: Enables the use of SIMD instructions for rank and select operations. This feature requires AVX-512 support and uses unsafe code. It also enables a special iterator for the rank/select bit vector that uses vectorized operations. The feature only works on nightly Rust. Enabling it on stable Rust is a no-op, because the required CPU features are not available there.
• serde: Enables serialization and deserialization of the data structures using the serde crate.

I benchmarked the implementations against publicly available implementations of the same data structures. The benchmarking code is available in the vers-benchmarks repository. The benchmark uses the simd feature of rsdict, which requires nightly Rust.

I performed the benchmarks on a Ryzen 9 7950X with 32GB of RAM. Some of the results are shown below. All benchmarks were run with the target-cpu=native flag enabled, and the simd feature enabled for Vers. More results can be found in the benchmark repository.

Benchmarks for the Wavelet Matrix are still missing because I want to improve the benchmarking code before I do them. Because Wavelet Matrices have very little room for engineering, there aren't any surprising results to be expected, though. The performance solely depends on the bit vector implementation, so the results will be similar to the bit vector benchmarks. The only exception is the qwt crate, which uses quad vectors instead, and is substantially faster than any other crate due to the reduced number of cache misses.

The bit vector implementation is among the fastest publicly available implementations for rank and select operations. Note that the succinct crate substantially outperforms Vers' rank operation but does not provide an efficient select operation.

The x-axis is the number of bits in the bit vector. An increase in all runtimes can be observed for input sizes exceeding the L2 cache size (16 MB).

The memory overhead of the bit vector implementation is significantly lower than that of other implementations. The x-axis is the number of bits in the bit vector, the y-axis is the additional overhead in percent compared to the size of the bit vector. Only the fastest competitors are shown, to make the graph more readable (I would like to add the bio crate data structure as well, since it is the only truly succinct one, but it does not offer an operation to measure the heap size. The same is true for the bitm crate, which claims to have a lower memory overhead compared to Vers, but does not offer a convenient way of measuring it). Vers achieves its high speeds with significantly less memory overhead, as can be seen in the heap size benchmark. The legend contains the measurement for the biggest input size, because I assume that the overhead approaches a constant value for large inputs.

The benchmark compares the access times for random elements in the sequence. The x-axis is the number of elements in the sequence. Note, that the elias-fano crate is inefficient with random order access. In-order access benchmarks can be found in the benchmark repository.

The following two benchmarks show the predecessor query times for average element distribution and the worst-case element distribution. Note that Vers worst-case query times are logarithmic, while sucds has linear worst-case query times.

The Range Minimum Query implementations are compared against the range_minimum_query and librualg crate. Vers outperforms both crates by a significant margin with both implementations. An increase in runtime can be observed for input sizes exceeding the L3 cache size (64 MB). The increase is earlier for the BinaryRMQ implementation, because it has a substantially higher memory overhead. For the same reason, the final two measurements for the BinaryRMQ implementation are missing (the data structure exceeded the available 32 GB main memory).

(Yes, the naming of both implementations is unfortunate, but they will stay until I do a major version bump.)

This crate uses compiler intrinsics for bit manipulation. The intrinsics are supported by all modern x86_64 CPUs, but not by other architectures. There are fallback implementations if the intrinsics are not available, but they are significantly slower. Using this library on x86 CPUs without enabling BMI2 and popcnt target features is not recommended.

The intrinsics in question are popcnt (supported since SSE4.2 resp. SSE4a on AMD, 2007-2008), pdep (supported with BMI2 since Intel Haswell resp. AMD Excavator, in hardware since AMD Zen 3, 2011-2013), and tzcnt (supported with BMI1 since Intel Haswell resp. AMD Jaguar, ca. 2013).

This crate uses no unsafe code, with the only exception being compiler intrinsic for pdep. The intrinsics cannot fail with the provided inputs (provided they are supported by the target machine), so even if they were to be implemented incorrectly, no memory corruption can occur (only incorrect results).

Unsafe code is hidden behind public API.

The library has no dependencies outside the Rust standard library by default. It has a plethora of dependencies for benchmarking purposes, but these are not required for normal use. Optionally, the serde feature can be enabled to allow serialization and deserialization of the data structures, which requires the serde crate and its derive feature.

Licensed under either of

• Apache License, Version 2.0 (LICENSE-APACHE or http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
• MIT license (LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)

at your option.

This project includes code developed by Gonzalo Brito Gadeschi originally licensed under the MIT license. It is redistributed under the above dual license.

Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.